UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

MEDICAL CENTER LIBRARY

SAN FRANCISCO

Gift of

University of California Berkeley

A

, Asa GRAY'S NEW MANUAL OF BOTANY

(SEVENTH EDITION — ILLUSTRATED)

A HANDBOOK OF THE

FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS

OF THE CENTRAL AND NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND ADJACENT CANADA

REARRANGED AND EXTENSIVELY REVISED BY

BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON

ASA GRAY PROFES8OK OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY

AND

MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF HOTANY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY

II

>8

NEW YORK •:. CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY

THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE w- P. i

CONTENTS

PREFACE .........

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES ....

TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES ....

SUMMARY KY DIVISIONS, CLASSES, ETC.

SUMMARY BY MINOR GROUPS .....

EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS EMPLOYED . DESCRIPTIVE FLORA . . . . . . .

GLOSSARY .........

INDEX .

PAGE

5

9

23

27

27

28

31

33

875

885

PREFACE

IN bringing Dr. ASA GRAY'S well-known Manual to date and into accord with modern views of classification and nomenclature, the present editors have found it necessary to rearrange it throughout, rewrite considerable portions, modify at least slightly nearly all the descriptions, and adopt certain principles of nomenclature (notably the one relating to the first specific name) somewhat at variance with Dr. Gray's practice. Although these changes have been numerous and in some respects fundamental, it is believed that they are all in thorough accord with the liberal spirit of progress which character- ized his own successive publications. Wherever possible and in all cases of doubt, the wording of the sixth edition, prepared by Dr. SERENO WATSON and Professor JOHN MERLE COULTER, and pub- lished in January, 1890, has been retained.

In the arrangement of the plant-families and in grouping them in orders, the admirable system of Eichler, in recent years much elaborated and perfected by Engler and Prantl, has been followed with a few deviations of minor importance.

The term order, used by Dr. Gray as synonymous with family, is here employed, according to the recommendation of the International Botanical Congress at Vienna, to designate a group of superior rank ; the same, in fact, which has sometimes been called a cohort. Orders, in this sense, are not capable of sharp definition in the manner of species, genera, or even families, nor is it to be supposed that one order begins in development where the preceding ends. They are rather to be conceived as representing somewhat parallel and long- disconnected lines or tendencies in evolutionary development. The grouping of the families into orders is shown in the tabular view on pages 23-27.

To cover a more natural floral area and to make the Manual con- venient for a greater number of users, some alterations have been made in the geographic limits adopted in the sixth edition. These changes result in (1) the exclusion of the territory at the west between the 96th and 100th meridians, a region now known to include a con-

6 PREFACE

siderable percentage of plants characteristic of the Great Plains and not harmonious with the flora which the present work is especially designed to treat; and (2) the inclusion of the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and the greater part of Quebec and Ontario. As thus modified, the limits are as follows : on the north, the 48th parallel from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lake Superior, and the international boundary thence to the northwest corner of Minnesota; on the west, the western boundary of Minnesota and northwestern Iowa, thence southward along the 96th meridian; on the south, the southern boundaries of eastern Kansas, Missouri, Kentucky, and Virginia.

In the preparation of this edition valued assistance has been received from Professor A. S. HITCHCOCK of the United States Department of Agriculture, who has elaborated the Gramineae; Mr. OAKES AMES, Assistant Director of the Botanic Garden of Harvard University, who has treated the Orchidaceae; President EZRA BRAINERD of Middlebury College, who has revised the genus Viola; Mr. A. A. EATON of the Aines Botanical Laboratory, who has treated the technical genera Equisetum and Isoetes; Dr. J. M. GREEXMAN of the Field Museum of Natural History, who has revised Senecio; Mr. W. W. EGGLESTOX, who has revised the exceed- ingly difficult genus Crataegus; and Miss MARY A. DAY, Librarian of the Gray Herbarium, who has given much clerical and biblio- graphical assistance throughout the preparation and proof reading of the text. Many of the older figures, formerly grouped in plates, have been redrawn and for greater convenience placed in the text, and to these have been added a much larger number of new ones drawn chiefly by Mr. F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS, but in part also by Professor J. FRANKLIN COLLINS of Brown University and Mr. P. B. WHELPLEY. All the illustrations of the Orchidaceae have been not only skillfully executed but generously contributed by Mrs. OAKES AMES. The fact that it has been possible thus to extend the illustration of the Manual has been due in great part to the interest and liberality of the VISITING COMMITTEE OF THE GRAY HEKUA- RIUM. Many botanists throughout the country, notably the members of the New England Botanical Club, have furnished specimens and notes which have been exceedingly helpful in determining the geo- graphic range and limits of variation. To all who have thus in different ways aided in the preparation of the present work, the editors wish to express their sincere appreciation and cordial thanks.

At the International Botanical Congress, held at Vienna, June,

PREFACE 7

1905, it was fortunately possible to reach a substantial agreement on the controversial subject of nomenclature. Some mutual con- cessions were necessary, but it is believed that they will be cheer- fully made by those who are really seeking harmony in this matter. The editors have, therefore, scrupulously endeavored to bring the nomenclature of the Manual into accord with the Vienna agreement, in order that American botanical nomenclature may be freed as speedily as possible from peculiarity or provincialism and assume the form which has received international sanction. The most im- portant change in this respect which characterizes the present edition in distinction from the previous editions is the adoption of the earliest specific name instead of that specific name which was first combined with the correct generic name. With this change it becomes more important to trace the previous use of specific names under other genera, and, to facilitate this, it seems wise to adopt the double citation of authorities. In the capitalization of specific and varietal names, it has been thought best to adopt the custom of many promi- nent botanists from Linnaeus himself to the distinguished editors of the Index Kewensis. The chief change in this respect from the usage of previous editions consists in the decapitalization of geo- graphic adjectives, such as canadensis, americana, and the like. In regard to these words it should be borne in mind that they are not English and therefore not subject to the rules of English grammar. They are a part of an international system of Latin nomenclature, which should not be modified by different nations by introducing peculiarities of their several languages. Many generic and other names, which were in use prior to 1753, were adopted by Linnaeus and his followers. These names are indicated in the Manual by brackets inclosing the name of the pre-Linnean author ; thus, Poly- podium [Tourn.] L.

In the treatment of the ever increasing number of foreign plants which have been recorded within our range, it has seemed desirable to include in the Manual only those which have given some evidence of self-dissemination and shown some tendency to become permanent members of our flora. Waifs, ballast-weeds, and plants persisting locally after cultivation have in general been omitted.

During the last twenty years there has been an unprecedented activity in the characterization of new species and varieties within our range. The present editors have considerably delayed the issue of this work in order to examine these new propositions and give them recognition in all cases where their merit could be

8 PREFACE

demonstrated. In a few instances, however, it has been impossible from lack of material or data either to include as valid or to reduce definitely to synonymy such species and varieties, and it has accord- ingly seemed best not to mention them. It is not thereby meant that they are not of value, but merely that evidence of their distinct- ness has not been available.

Botanical names, being in many instances latinized forms of geographic, aboriginal, or personal designations, are not always capable of easy or consistent pronunciation. From long-established custom they are usually pronounced in English-speaking countries according to the pronunciation of Latin after the English method, exceptions being frequent in such, names as Michauxiana, which is commonly pronounced meshoiina, or by others meshoziana, to avoid the awkward pronunciation which the word would have according to the English rules. The subject is one into which considerations of taste, convenience, and custom enter to such an extent that it is most difficult to lay down definite principles free from pedantry. However, as a general guide, the names in this, as in previous edi- tions, are marked with accents, — the accented syllable being deter- mined as far as possible by the well-known rules of Latin quantity. In cases of doubtful quantity, in such names as Berlandiera, Palme ri, Bacopa, etc., it has seemed best to treat the penultimate vowel as long, according to the usage of most British and Continental writers. Two accents are used, the grave (v) to indicate the long English sound of the vowel, the acute (') to show the shortened or other- wise modified sound. For aid in determining the accented syllable, the editors are in several instances indebted to Dr. A. S. I'KASK.

In consideration of recent differences in nomenclatorial practice, and with a wish to make the Manual as convenient as possible for all users, synonyms have been inserted freely to show the equiva- lence of different names, especially of those permitted by the Rochester and American Codes but not sanctioned by the Interna- tional Rules. It has been necessary to make these citations exceed- ingly brief, the specific namo, when the same, being omitted; <>jj. under Ranunculus Cymbalarin I'ursh, the synonym O.r//>/n /;>/>/* I'rnntl means that the species has been treated by I'nmtl under the identi- cal specific name (Cymbalaria) in Oxggraphify a genus not maintained

in the present work.

n. L. K. M. L. F.

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES

(Carried out, in some cases, to subfamilies and genera)

\

DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA

Fern-like, moss-like, rush-like, or aquatic plants without true flowers. Reproduction by spores (without embryos).

A. Floating plants with small 2-ranked leaves; sporocarps borne on

the under side of the stem SALVINIACEAE, 50

A. Terrestrial or submersed plants, not floating B.

B. Stems conspicuously jointed, their nodes covered by toothed sheaths; sporangia on the scales of terminal dry cone-like spikes EQUISETACEAE, 51

B. Stems without conspicuous sheathed joints C.

C. Leaves closely imbricated or very narrow; sporangia sessile,

axillary. Stem short, corm-like; leaves elongate, awl-shape or linear,

in a rosette ISOETACEAE, 58

Stem elongate, creeping (sometimes underground) or branch- ing ; leaves very short, crowded or imbricated. Sporangia of two kinds, some containing many minute spores (microspores), others bearing few (usually 3-4) much larger macrospores SELAGINELLACEAE, 57

Sporangia bearing uniform minute spores LYCOPODIACEAE, 54

C. Leaves (fronds) not closely imbricated; if narrow, without

axillary sporangia D. D. Leaves (fronds) 4-foliolate, clover-like; sporocarps (inclosing

the sporangia) stalked from the creeping stem MARSILEACEAE, 49

D. Leaves (fronds) not 4-foliolate, simple or variously cleft; spo- rangia not inclosed in basal sporocarps E. E. Fertile fronds, or fertile portions of the fronds conspicu- ously unlike the sterile F.

F. Slender twining or climbing plant, the frond with alter- nate paired and stalked palmately lobed divisions Lygodium, 46 F. Neither twining nor climbing G.

G. Sterile fronds linear-filiform, tortuous; the fertile fili- form, tipped by a 1-sided short (3-8 mm. long) pinnate fertile portion Schizaea, 45

G. Sterile fronds (or segments) broader H. H. Sterile segment of the frond simple; the fertile a

long-stalked simple spike OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 47

H. Sterile and fertile fronds or segments more or less cleft I.

9

10 ANALYTICAL KEY

I. Rootstock almost none, the solitary (rarely 2) fronds appear- ing to rise from a cluster of fleshy roots ; lower segment sterile, upper fertile and bearing 2-rowed globular sporangia Botrychium, 47

I. Rootstock well developed, elongate or stout, the roots fibrous; fronds numerous or the fertile and sterile clearly distinct J. J. Fertile fronds or segments scarcely or not at all leaf-like,

the sporangia globose or in bead-like rows. Sporangia globose, thin-walled, 2-valved, densely

crowded, not 2-ranked OSMUNDACEAE, 46

Sporangia globose and distinct or connected in bead- like chains, firm, 2-ranked Onoclea, 45 J. Fertile fronds or segments green and leaf-like, at least

above ; the sporangia not globose POLYPODIACEAE, 33

E. Fertile fronds or segments essentially like the sterile.

Sporangia sessile at the base of a bristle-like receptacle and surrounded by a cup-like involucre ; frond of a single layer of cells HYMENOPHYLLACKAE, 33

Sporangia stalked, with no bristle-like receptacle; frond of

more than one layer of cells POLYPODIACEAE, 33

DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA

Plants with true flowers containing stamens, pistils, or both. Reproduc- tion normally by seeds containing an embryo.

SUBDIVISION I. GYMNOSPERMAE

Ovules not in- a closed ovary. Trees and shrubs with needle-shaped, linear, or scale-like mostly evergreen leaves, and monoecious or dioecious flowers K.

K. Flowers themselves catkin-like or borne in catkins, which be- come cones or berry-like PINACEAK, ('.'_»

K. Flowers solitary, axillary ; seed solitary, more or less enveloped

in a pulpy disk TAXACEAE, 02

SUBDIVISION II. ANGIOSP^RMAE

Ovules borne in a closed ovary, which at maturity becomes the fruit.

CLASS i. MONOCOTYLEDONEM:

Stems without central pith or annular layers, but having the woody til»>rs distributed through them (a transverse slice showing the fibers as dots scat- tered through the cellular tissue). Embryo with a single cotyledon, the early leaves always alternate. Parts of the flower usually in threes or sixes, never iii fives. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Our species, except in the genus Smilu.r. herbaceous L.

L. Small lens-shaped, ellipsoidal, or tlask-shape.1 five-swimming

aquatics without true leaves l.i- MNACKAB, 259

L. Plants witli stems ami leaves (sometimes scale-like) M.

ANALYTICAL KEY

11

M. Perianth free from the ovary or none N.

N. Perianth wanting or of scale-like or bristle-form divisions O.

O. Flowers inclosed or subtended by imbricated husk-like

scales (glumes) ; grass-like plants with jointed stems,

sheathing (mostly narrow) leaves, and 1-seeded fruit.

Stems hollow, round or flattened ; leaf-sheaths split ;

anthers attached by the middle GRAMINEAE, 86

Stems usually more or less triangular, solid; leaf-sheaths

not split ; anthers attached at the base CYPERACEAE, 171

O. Flowers not inclosed in husk-like scales (though sometimes in

involucrate heads) P. P. Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy, the upper leaves

often floating.

Flowers perfect NAJADACEAE, 69

Flowers monoecious or dioecious.

Flowers in globose heads SPARGANIACEAE, 68

Flowers axillary, solitary NAJADACEAE, 69

P. Terrestrial or marsh plants Q.

Q. Leaves petioled, the blade net-veined ARACEAE, 257

Q. Leaves linear or sword-shaped, parallel-veined, notpetioled R. R. Flowers monoecious or dioecious.

Flowers in cylindrical spikes TYPHACEAE, 67

Flowers in heads.

Heads spheroidal, pubescent, involucrate ERIOCAULACEAE, 260 Heads globose, glabrous, not involucrate SPARGANIACEAE, 68 R . Flowers perfect.

Flowers in a dense spike, this borne on the margin

of a 2-edged scape ; root aromatic Acorus, 258

Scapes or peduncles cylindrical.

Ovaries 3-6, separating at least when ripe JUNCAGINACEAE, 79 Ovary single, 3-carpeled JUNCACEAE, 267

N. Perianth always present, herbaceous or colored, neither scale- like nor bristle-form S.

S. Pistils numerous in a head or ring ALISMACEAE, 80

S. Pistil one, compound (cells or placentae mostly 3) T. T. Stamens 3.

Moss-like, aquatic ; flowers solitary MAYACACEAE, 263

Rush-like marsh or bog plants ; flowers in spikes, racemes,

or heads.

Flowers racemose or spicate JUNCAGINACEAE, 79

Flowers in dense scaly heads XYRIDACEAE, 262

T. Stamens 4 Maianthemum, 291

T. Stamens 6 U. U. Stamens all alike and fertile.

Gray scurfy moss-like epiphyte BROMELIACEAE, 265

Not epiphytic.

Ovary of nearly separate carpels JUNCAGINACEAE, 79

Ovary (often angled or lobed) not deeply cleft. Divisions of the perianth alike or nearly so.

Perianth woolly HAEMODORACEAE, 296

Perianth not woolly. Plant rush-like; perianth small, greenish or

purplish brown JUNCACEAE, 267

12 ANALYTICAL KEY

Plant not rush-like LILIATKAK. 279

Divisions of the perianth unlike, 3 green sepals ami

3 colored petals.

Stem-leaves ovate or oblong, 3 in a whorl Trillium, 293

Stem-leaves linear or nearly so ; flowers umheled

COMMELINACEAK, 2W

U. Stamens dissimilar, or only 3 with fertile anthers.

Perianth of 3 herbaceous sepals and 3 colored ephemeral

petals COMMKLINACEAK. 2U4

Perianth tubular, 0-lobed PONTKDKKIACK AK, I'tii;

M. Perianth present, adnate to the ovary V. V. Stamens 1-2 ; flowers irregular.

Anthers 2-celled; seeds many ORCHIDACEAE, 304

Anthers 1-celled; seeds solitary MARANTACEAE, 304

V. Stamens 3 or more ; flowers mostly regular or nearly so W. W. Climbing plant with net-veined ovate leaves DIOSCOREACEAE, 297

W. Not climbing; leaves parallel-veined.

Perianth woolly, only partially adnate to the ovary

HAEMODORACEAE, 290 Perianth not woolly, adnate to the whole surface of the

ovary.

Aquatics; flowers dioecious or polygamous HYDROCHARITACEAE, 85 Terrestrial ; flowers perfect.

Stamens 6 AMARYLLIDACEAE, 297

Stamens 3. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant; stamens opposite the

outer segments of the perianth IRIDACEAK, 299

Leaves not 2-ranked, the cauline scale-like; stamens opposite the inner segments of the perianth

BURMANMACEAE, 304

CLASS 2. DICOTYLEDONEAE

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a zone between the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves net-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Parts of the flower mostly in fours or fives X.

X. Corolla none ; calyx present or absent Y.

Y. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both sorts in catkins '/.. /. Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.

Fertile flowers in a short catkin <>r catkin-like head l'i: ncACEAE, 344

Fertile flowers single or clustered; the sterile in slender

catkins (except in F<i<ins).

Leaves pinnate ; fertile flowers and fruit naked ,h<:i.\ NI> \< i \i

Leaves simple; fertile flowers 1-3 in a cup or involucre F UJACKAK, 337 Z. Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like

heads n. a. Ovary many-ovuled ; fruit many-seeded.

Ovary and pod 2-celled; seeds not tufted I,iii>ii<l<tnil><ir. 4").".

Ovary and pud 1-cclled; seeds hairy-tufted SALICA* i \i . :'.2n

ANALYTICAL KEY 13

a. Ovary 1-2-celled; cells 1-ovuled ; fruit 1-seeded.

Parasitic on trees ; fruit a berry LORANTHACEAE, 351

Trees and shrubs, not parasitic.

Calyx regular, in fertile flower succulent in fruit URTICACEAE, 344 Calyx none or rudimentary and scale-like. Style and stigma 1, simple.

Leaves palmately angled or lobed PLATANACEAE, 454

Leaves ovate or oblong, entire LEITNERIACEAE, 330

Styles or long stigmas 2.

Fertile flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin BETULACEAE, 332 Fertile flowers single under each scale; nutlets

naked, waxy-coated, or drupe-like MYRICACEAE, 329

Y. Flowers not in catkins b.

b. Ovary or its cells containing only 1-2 (rarely 3-4) ovules c. c. Pistils more than 1, distinct or nearly so.

Stamens inserted on the calyx ; leaves with stipules ROSACEAE, 454

Stamens inserted on the receptacle.

Leaves punctate with transparent dots Zanthoxylum, 537

Leaves not dotted.

Calyx present, usually colored or petal-like RANUNCULACEAE, 392 Calyx none; flowers spiked PIPERACEAE, 320

c. Pistil 1 , simple or compound d.

d. Ovary free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting e. e. Stipules (ocreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes.

Tree ; calyx none PLATANACEAE, 454

Herbs ; calyx present, commonly corolla-like POLYGONACEAE, 353 e. Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none /. /. Herbs c/. g. Aquatic, submerged or nearly so.

Leaves whorled, dissected; style 1 CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 389 Leaves opposite, entire ; styles 2 ; ovary 4-celled

CALLITRICHACEAE, 549 g. Not aquatics h.

h. Styles 10; ovary and berry 10-celled PHYTOLACCACEAE, 374 h. Style, if any, and stigma 1.

Flowers unisexual ; ovary of the fertile flowers

1-celled URTICACEAE, 344

Flowers perfect; pod 2-celled, 2-seeded Lepldium, 425

h. Styles 2-3 or branched ; ovary 1-4-celled i.

i. Leaves palmately lobed or divided Cannabineae, 344

i. Leaves not palmately lobed or divided j. j. Ovary and pod 3-celled ; juice usually milky.

Flowers in basal spikes ; stamens 4 ; fila- ments thick, flattened BUXACEAE, 550 Inflorescence various, not of basal spikes; stamens !-*> , rarely 4 ; filaments not con- spicuously thick EUPHORBIACEAE, 540 j. Ovary not 3-celled ; juice not milky k. k. Flowers in numerous small involucrate

heads; fruit a 3-angled achene Eriogonum, 353

k. Flowers not involucrate.

Leaves covered at least beneath with stel- late hairs ; embryo straight EUPHORBIACEAE, 540

14 ANALYTICAL KEY

Leaves without stellate hairs ; embryo curved or

coiled.

Stipules scarious ILLECEBRACEAE, 376

Stipules none. Leaves opposite.

Plant fleshy Salicornia, 369

Not fleshy.

Flowers in heads or spikes, these often

panicled ; anthers 1-celled AMARANTHACEAE, 371 Flowers sessile in forks of branching

inflorescence ILLECEBRACEAE, :>76

Leaves alternate.

Flowers and bracts scarious AMARANTHA* KAK. .">71

Flowers small, chiefly greenish ; no scarious

bracts CHENOPODIACEAE, 364

/. Shrubs or trees.

Leaves small, linear or scale-like ; low heath-like shrubs

EMPETRACEAE, 551

Leaves oblong to orbicular; never heath-like. Leaves opposite.

Fruit 3-celled, not winged RHAMNACEAE, 5M

Fruit 2-celled, a double samara ACERACEAK. r>;>7

Fruit 1-celled, a single samara OLEACEAE, 6.50

Leaves alternate.

Ovary 3-celled RHAMNACEAE, 500

Ovary 1-2-celled.

Styles and stigmas 2 URTICACEAE, 344

Style and stigma 1.

Anthers opening lengthwise THYMELAEACEAE. .">*'.)

Anthers opening by uplifted lids LAURACEAK. -\\:\

d. Ovary inferior or so closely and permanently invested by the

calyx as to appear so.

Parasites on the branches of trees LORANTHACEAK, ."-"I

Aquatic herbs HALORAGIDACEAE, 602

Terrestrial.

Herbs with calyx colored like a corolla.

Leaves opposite, simple NYCTAGINACEAE, 375

Leaves alternate, pinnate Smii/innnrba, 494

Leaves alternate, simple Comandra, 350

Shrubs or trees.

Leaves scurfy ELAEAONACKAK, .v.m

Leaves not scurfy, opposite \<'*tronia, 350

Leaves not scurfy, alternate. Style 1, stigmatic down one side; flowers solitary, in

pairs, or in umbel-like clusters \IISMI, 111'".

Style 1, short; stigma terminal ; flowers racemose I'l/rulur/n, :r>o Styles 2 HAMAMELIDATI AI . }:>_'

6. Ovary or its cells containm-- many ovules I. I. Calyx mine: ovary and fruit naked.

Aquatic herb PODOSTEMACEAE, 441

Tn-e ,,r shrill) HAMAMELIDACEAE. 4.VJ

/. Calyx present in. ///. Ovary superior.

ANALYTICAL KEY

15

RANUNCULACEAE, 392

Penthorum, 442 AIZOACEAE, 377

RANUNCULACEAE, 392

CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 377

Glaux, 647

LYTHBACEAE, 591

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 351

Ludvigia, 594

Chrysosplemum, 448

Ovaries 2 or more, separate Ovary single.

Ovary 5-celled, 5-beaked ; leaves scattered Ovary 3-5-celled ; leaves opposite or whorled Ovary 1-2-celled. Leaves compound Leaves simple. Calyx of separate sepals Calyx 5-toothed or -cleft Calyx 4-toothed ra. Ovary and pod inferior.

Ovary G-celled ; stamens 6-12 Ovary 4-celled ; stamens 4 Ovary 1-celled ; stamens 8-10 X. Both calyx and corolla present n. n. Corolla of separate petals o.

o. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 (rarely 9-10 in Pola- nisia), and more than twice as many as the sepals or calyx- lobes p.

p. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils q. q. Pistils several or many, wholly distinct or united at base

into a strongly lobed or several-beaked ovary r.

r. Aquatics with peltate leaves NYMPHAEACEAE, 389

r. Terrestrial plants. Climbers.

Leaves alternate MENISPERMACEAK, 410

Leaves opposite Clematis, 402

Not climbing.

Filaments united into a tube MALVACEAE, 566

Filaments not united.

Leaves opposite, entire CALYCANTHACEAE, 409

Leaves alternate. Stamens on the calyx Stamens on the receptacle or disk. Trees or shrubs.

Sepals and petals imbricated Sepals and petals valvate Herbs q. Pistils strictly one as to ovary; the styles or stigmas may

be several s.

s. Leaves punctate with translucent dots HYPERICACEAE, 571

s. Leaves not punctate t, t. Ovary simple, 1-celled.

Ovules 2 ROSACEAE, 454

Ovules many. Leaves 2-3-ternately compound or dissected

RANUNCULACEAE, 392

Leaves peltate, lobed Podophyllum, 411

t. Ovary compound. Ovary 1-celled.

Sepals 2 (rarely 3), caducous; juice milky or col- ored ; placentae parietal PAPAVERACEAE, 414 Sepals 2; juice watery; placentae central PORTULACACEAE, 387

ROSACEAE, 454

MAGNOLIACEAE, 408

ANONACEAE, 410

RESEDACEAE, 439

16 ANALYTICAL KEY

Sepals 4; juice watery : placentae parietal CAPPARIDACKAE, 438 Sepals 3 or 5, persistent; juice watery; placentae

parietal CISTACEAE, 57<>

Ovary several-celled. Calyx valvate in bud. Herbs or rarely shrubs; stamens united; anthers

1-celled MALVACEAE, 566

Trees ; anthers 2-celled TILIACEAE, 5<if>

Calyx imbricate in bud. Shrubs ; stamens on the base of the petals

TERNSTROEMIACEAE, 570 Aquatic or marsh-dwelling herbs. Leaves tubular or trumpet-shaped ; placentae in

the axis SARRACENIACEAE, 439

Leaves (when mature) flattish, never tubular or trumpet-shaped ; ovules on the partitions of the ovary NYMPHAEACEAE, 389

p. Calyx more or less adherent to a compound ovary. Ovary 7-30-celled.

Cells many-ovuled ; aquatic herbs NYMPHAEACEAE, 389

Cells 10, each 1-ovuled ; trees or shrubs Amelnm-hit-r. 4.r>(.)

Ovary 6-celled Asururn, 352

Ovary 1-5-celled.

Fleshy-stemmed, without true foliage; petals many CACTACEAE, 58<S

Leaves present. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2 ; ovules arising from the base of a

1-celled ovary PORTULACACEAE, 387

Sepals or calyx-lobes more than 2.

Leaves opposite ; stipules none SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444

Leaves alternate.

Stipules present ROSACE AE, 454

Stipules none.

Herbs with rough-pubescent leaves LOASACE \

Trees or shrubs STYRACACEAE, 649

o. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals u. u. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them.

Ovaries 3-6, separate ; woody vines MENISPERMACEAE, 410

Ovary only one. Ovary 2-4-celled.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete; petals valvate VITACEAE. 562

Calyx 4-5-cleft; petals involute RHAMNAI EAK. r>60

Ovary 1-celled.

Anthers opening by uplifted lids BERBEKIDACEAI 1 1 1

Anthers not opening by uplifted lids.

Style 1, unhranehed : stigma 1 I'KIM II.A- KAE, 643

Styles, style-branches, or stigmas more than 1.

Sepals or calyx-lobes 2 PoRTULACACE \

Sepals <»r calyx-lobes 3-5.

Flowers monoecious Crot<nn>i>*i*. ">42

Flowers perfert 1 'LI M i; \. . I N LCRAB, Hi:1.

n. Stamens not of the saint- number as the petals, or if of the same

nnmb.-r alternate \\ith them V. v. Calyx frer in. m the ovarv, i.e. ovary wholly superior w.

ANALYTICAL KEY

17

tv. Ovaries 2 or more, wholly separate or somewhat united x.

x. Stamens united with each other and with a large thick stigma

common to the 2 ovaries ASCLEPIADACEAE, 663

x. Stamens free from each other and from the pistils y.

RUTACEAE, 537

Zanthorhiza, 408 Ailanthus, 538

CRASSULACEAE, 441

y. Stamens on the receptacle, free from the calyx. Leaves punctate with translucent dots Leaves without translucent dots. Trees or shrubs ; leaves pinnate. Low shrub ; leaflets mostly 5 Tree ; leaflets 11 or more Herbs.

Leaves fleshy Leaves not fleshy.

Ovaries or lobes of the ovary 2-5, with a common style. Ovary 2-3-lobed LIMNANTHACEAE, 551

Ovary 5-lobed GERANIACEAE, 534

Ovaries with separate styles or sessile stigmas

RANUNCULACEAE, 392 y. Stamens inserted on the calyx.

Plant fleshy; stamens just twice as many as the pistils

CRASSULACEAE, 441

Plant not fleshy ; stamens not twice as many as the pistils. Stipules present ROSACEAE, 454

Stipules none SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444

w. Ovary 1 z.

z. Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta LEGUMINOSAE, 499

z. Ovary compound, as shown by the number of its cells, placentae,

styles, or stigmas A. A. Ovary 1-celled.

Corrolla irregular.

Petals 4; stamens G FUMARIACEAE, 416

Petals and stamens 5 VIOLACEAE, 579

Corolla regular or nearly so. Ovule solitary.

Trees or shrubs ANACARDIACEAE, 552

Herbs CRUCIFERAE, 418

Ovules more than one. Ovules at the center or bottom of the cell.

Petals not inserted on the calyx CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 377

Petals inserted on the throat of a bell-shaped or

tubular calyx LYTHRACEAE, 591

Ovules on 2 or more parietal placentae.

Leaves punctate with translucent dots HYPERICACEAE, 571

Leaves beset with gland-tipped bristles DROSERACEAE, 440

Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular. Petals 4. Stamens essentially equal ; pod usually stiped

CAPPARIDACEAE, 438 Stamens unequal, 2 being shorter than the other 4 ;

pod sessile CRUCIFERAE, 418

Petals 3 or 5.

Ovary stiped PASSIFLORACEAE, 587

Ovary sessile. GRAY'S MANUAL — 2

18 ANALYTICAL KEY

Calyx 5-lobed or of 5 equal sepals SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444

Calyx of 3 equal or 5 very unequal sepals CISTACEAE, 57t>

A. Ovary 2-several-celled B. B. Flowers irregular C. C. Anthers opening at the top.

Anthers 6-8, 1-celled POLYGALACEAE, 538

Anthers 10, 2-celled Rhododendron, 031

C. Anthers opening lengthwise.

Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of the gibbous calyx Cuphca, 593 Stamens 5-10 and petals hypogynous or nearly so. Ovary 3-celled ; trees or shrubs Aesculus, 559

Ovary 5-celled ; herbs BALSAMINACEAE, SCO

B. Flowers regular or nearly so D.

D. Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the

petals.

Trees or shrubs.

Stamens fewer than the 4 petals OLEACEAE, f>50

Stamens more numerous than the petals ACEKACKAK, 557

Herbs.

Petals 5 HYPERICACEAE, 571

Petals 4 CRUCIFERAE, 418

D. Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals E. E. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. Herbs.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious EUPHORBIACEAE, 540

Flowers perfect and symmetrical. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals.

Ovary 2-3-celled LIMNANTHACEAE, 551

Ovary 5-celled GERANIACKAE, 534

Cells of the ovary twice as many as the sepals. Leaves abruptly pinnate ZYGOPHYLLACEAE, 536

Leaves simple LINACKAK, 531

Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound.

Leaves 3-foliolate, punctate Ptelea, 537

Leaves pinnate, not punctate SAPINDACEAE, 559

Leaves simple.

Leaves palmately veined ACERACEAE, 557

Leaves pinnately veined. Leaves alternate.

Climbing shrub Celastrus, 557

Erect shrubs or trees.

Flowers racemose CYRII.LACKAI

Flowers solitary or cymose A</riK.>u.v< i- \ •

Leaves opposite CELASTK u K A K, 550

E. Ovules, and usually seeds, several or many in each cell F. F. Leaves compound.

Tree or shrub STAPHYLKA< KA K, 557

Herbs; leaves alternate, or all radical.

Leaflets 3, obcordate OXALIDACKAK, .">;;•_'

Leaflets more numerous, pointed Astillx', 444

F. I,i-:ives simple.

Stipules present between opposite leaves ELATINACKAK, 575

ANALYTICAL KEY

19

Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. Stamens 5, united at base into a 10-toothed

cup or tube ; leaves all radical Galax, 642

Stamens free from each other. Style 1.

Stamens free from the calyx ERICACEAE, 625

Stamens inserted on the calyx LYTHRACEAE, 591

Styles 2-5, or splitting into 2 in fruit. Stamens free from the calyx; leaves

opposite CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 377

Stamens inserted on the calyx ERICACEAE, 625

v. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half G. G. Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs CUCURBITACEAE, 764

G. Not tendril-bearing H. H. Ovules and seeds more than 1 in each cell. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2 ; ovules borne at the base of the

ovary PORTULACACEAE, 387

Sepals or calyx-lobes 4-5 ; placentae 2-3, parietal SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444 Ovary 2-many-celled.

Anthers opening by pores at the apex MELASTOMACEAE, 593

Anthers not opening by pores. Stamens inserted on or about a flat disk which covers

the ovary CELASTRACEAE, 556

Stamens inserted on the calyx. Style 1 ; stamens 4 or 8 (rarely 5) Styles 2-3, distinct ; stamens 5 or 10 H. Ovules and seeds only 1 in each cell. Stamens 5 or 10. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, not prickly Leaves compound, or prickly Herbs.

Fruit dry, splitting at maturity ; styles 2 Fruit berry-like ; styles 2-5, separate or united Stamens 2, 4, or 8.

Style and stigma 1 ; fruit a drupe CORNACEAE, 623

Styles or stigmatic branches or sessile stigmas usually

more than 1 ; fruit not drupaceous.

Shrubs or trees HAMAMELIDACEAE, 452

Herbs.

Style 1 ; stigma 2-4-lobed ONAORACEAE, 594

Styles or sessile stigmas 4 HALORAGIDACEAE, 602

n. Petals more or less united I. I. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla J.

ONAGRACEAE, 594 SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444

Crataegus, 460 ARALIACEAE, 605

UMBELLIFERAE, 607 ARALIACEAE, 605

J. Ovary 1-celled.

Placenta 1, parietal Placentae 2, parietal

Placenta at the center or base of the ovary J. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled J. Ovary 3-oc-celled K. K. Stamens free from the corolla. Style 1 ; leaves simple Styles 5 ; leaves 3-foliolate

LEGUMINOSAE, 499

FUMARIACEAE, 416

STYRACACEAE, 649

POLYGALACEAE, 538

ERICACEAE, 625 OXALIDACEAE, 532

20 ANALYTICAL KEY

K. Stamens attached to the base or tube of the corolla.

Saprophytic herbs without green foliage Monotropoideae, 626

Not saprophy tic ; foliage green.

Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs; anthers mostly 2-celled. Filaments united into 1-5 groups.

Ovary superior TERNSTROEMIACEAE, 570

Ovary at least partly inferior STYRACACEAK, 649

Filaments free from each other.

Style 1 ERICACEAE. 6i>"i

Styles 4 EBENACKAE, 648

Herbs; anthers 1-celled.

Filaments united into a tube MALVACEAE, 566

Filaments distinct, 2 at each notch of the corolla Adoxa, 761

I. Stamens not more numerous than the corolla-lobes L. L. Stamens of the same number as the corolla-lobes and opposite them. Corolla appendaged with scales inside ; ovary 5-celled ; trees

or shrubs SAPOTACEAE, 648

Corolla not appendaged with scales inside; ovary 1-celled;

herbs.

Style 1; fruit a several-many-seeded capsule PRIMULAOEAE, 643

Styles 5 ; fruit a 1-seeded utricle PLUMBAGINACEAE, 643

L. Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes or fewer M. M. Ovary free from the calyx-tube (superior) N. N. Corolla regular O.

O. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes P.

P. Ovaries more than 1, or, if 1, deeply lobed Q. Q. Ovaries 2, or, if 1, 2-horned.

Stamens united ASCLEPIADACEAE, 663

Stamens distinct. Stipules or stipular membrane or line between

opposite leaves; ovary 2-horned L.OGANIA< KAK. 6.~>2

Stipules none ; ovaries 2.

Leaves kidney-shaped, alternate Dichondra, (Ui'.t

Leaves not kidney-shaped, chiefly opposite

APOCYNACKAK, <»<>1 Q. Ovary deeply 4-lobed.

Leaves alternate BORAGIXAI KAK. 67'. »

Leaves opposite LABIATAK, 6'.«)

P. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed R. R. Ovary 1-celled.

Seed 1; corolla scarious PLANTAGINACEAK. 7\'.'<

Seeds several-many.

Leaves entire, opposite ( JKNTIANACKA '

Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound.

Whole upper surface of corolla \\hite-hearded;

leaflets 3, entire M> ni/nnthes, 660

Corolla not conspicuously bearded ; leaves, if compound, \viih toothed leaflets

HYDKOI-IIYI.I.ACKAK, 676 R. Ovary 2-10-celled.

Leafless twining parasites Ciixrufn, 671

Leaves opposite, their bases connected by a stipular

line LOGANIACEAE, <i.7j

ANALYTICAL KEY

21

PLANTAGINACEAE, 743

BORAGINACEAE, 679

(rarely in) Breweria, 669

CONVOLVULACEAE, 668 HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 676

Leaves alternate or if opposite with no trace of stipules. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so.

Style 1 ERICACEAE, 625

Style none AQUIFOLIACEAE, 554

Stamens in the notches of the corolla ; style 1 DIAPENSIACEAE, 642 Stamens on the tube of the corolla. Stamens 4. Leafy-stemmed ; leaves opposite ; corolla petaloid

VERBENACEAE, 688 Acaulescent; corolla scarious Stamens 5 or rarely more. Fruit of 2 or 4 seed-like nutlets Fruit a few-many-seeded pod. Styles 3 Styles 2.

Pod few(mostly 4)-seeded Pod many-seeded Style 1, often branched. Branches of the style (or at least the lobes of

the stigma) 3.

Not twining POLEMONIACEAE, 673

Twining Ipomoea, 670

Branches of the style or lobes of the stigma 2

or rarely 4. Seeds few, mostly 4 Seeds many

O. Stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes. Stamens with anthers 4, in pairs. Ovary 2-celled ; cells several-seeded Ovary 2-4-celled ; cells 1-seeded Stamens with anthers only 2 or rarely 3. Ovary 4-lobed Ovary 2-celled, not 4-lobed. Herbs.

Acaulescent; corolla scarious PLANTAGINACEAE, 743

Leafy-stemmed ; corolla not scarious Veronica, 726

Trees or shrubs OLEACEAE, 650

N. Corolla irregular S. S. Stamens with anthers 5.

Stamens free from the corolla; anther-cells opening at the

apex Rhododendron, 631

Stamens inserted on the corolla.

Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style Echium, 688

Ovary not deeply lobed, many-ovuled.

Filaments or some of them woolly Verbascum, 719

Filaments not woolly Hyoscyamus, 716

S. Stamens with anthers 2 or 4.

Ovules solitary in the 1-4 cells.

Ovary 4-lobed ; style rising from between the lobes LABIATAE, 690

Ovary not lobed ; style from its apex.

Ovary 1-celled ; fruit turned downwards PHRYMACEAE, 743

Ovary 2-4-celled ; fruit not turned downwards VERBENACEAE, 688 Ovules 2-many in each cell.

CONVOLVULACEAE, 668 SOLANACEAE, 712

ACANTHACEAE, 742 VERBENACEAE, 688

Lycopus, 709

22 ANALYTICAL KEY

Ovary imperfectly 4-5-celled MARTYNIACEAE, 741

Ovary 1-2-celled. Ovary 1-celled. Parasites without green foliage, terrestrial; stamens 4

OROBAXCHACEAE, 739 Not parasitic, chiefly aquatic or mud plants ; stamens 2

LENTIBULARIACEAE, 736 Ovary 2-celled.

Trees or woody climbers; placentae parietal BIGNONIACEAE, 740 Herbs, rarely trees; placentae in the axis. Seeds (mostly numerous) not borne on hooks

SCROPHULARIACEAE, 717

Seeds (2-12) borne on hook-like processes of the

placentae ACANTHACEAE, 742

M. Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior) T.

T. Tendril-bearing herbs ; anthers often united CUCURBITACEAE, 704

T. Tendrils none U. U. Stamens separate V.

V. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its

lobes; stipules none ; juice milky CAMPANULACEAE, 7G5

V. Stamens inserted on the corolla.

Stamens 1-3, always fewer than the corolla-lobes VALERIANACEAE, 761 Stamens 4-5 ; leaves opposite or whorled. Ovary 2-5-celled. Leaves opposite or perfoliate, but neither whorled

nor provided with true stipules CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 754

Leaves either opposite and stipulate, or whorled and

destitute of stipules RUBIACEAE, 746

Ovary 1-celled ; flowers in dense involucrate heads DIPSACA< KA E, 7i>:> U. Stamens united by their anthers ; these joined in a ring or tube.

Flowers separate, not involucrate ; corolla irregular LOBELIAOEAE, 768 Flowers in an involucrate head COMPOSITAE, 770

TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES TREATED IN THIS WORK

ORDERS, FAMILIES, ETC.	GENERA.	SPECIES.	VARIETIES AND NAMED FORMS.
DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA Order I. FILICALES Fain. 1. Hymenophyllaceae ....	Native.	Introd.	Native.	Introd.	Native.	Introd.
1 18 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 5 2 4 3 68 18 6 4 3 1 1 2 1 2	19	1 58 2 3 9 2 2 10 12 3 13 1 24 2 9 44 4 19 3 312 322 7 9 6 8 1 12 1 4	3 1 66 11	22 5 T 5 10 12 2 2 17 ii 42 135 1 1	5
" 3. Schizaeaceae
" 5. Ophioglossaceae " 6. Marsileaceae
Ord. II. EQUISETALES
Ord. III. LYCOPODIALES Fain. 9. Lycopodiaceae
" 11. Isoetaceae DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA SUBDIVISION I. GYMNOSPERMAE Ord. IV. CONIFERALES
SUBDIVISION II. ANGIOSPERMAE CLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONS AE Ord. V. PANDANALES
" 15 Sparganiaceae
Ord. VI. NAJADALES Fain. 16. Najadaceae
" 19. Hydrocharitaceae Ord. VII. GRAMINALES
Ord. VIII. ARALES
" 23 Lemnaceae
Ord. IX. XYRIDALES
" 29. Pontederiaceae

TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES

ORDERS, FAMILIES, ETC.

Ord. X. LILIALES

Fain. 80. Juncaceae 2

" 81. Liliaceae 29

" 32. Haemodoraceae 2

" 83. Dioscoreaceae 1

" 84. Amaryllidaceae 5

" 35. Iridaceae 3

Ord. XI. SeiTAMiNALES

•Fam. 36. Marantaceae 1

Ord. XII. ORCHIDALES

Fam. 37. Burmanniaceae

" 38. Orchidaceae 18

CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONEAE Subclass I. Archichlamydeae

Ord. XIII. PIPERALES

Fam. 89. Piperaceae

Ord. XIV. SALICAI.ES

Fam. 40. Salicaceao 2

Ord. XV. MYRICALES

Fain. 41. Myricaceae 1

Ord. XVI. LKITNERIALES

Fam. 42. Leitneriaceae

Ord. XVII. JlJGLANDALES

Fam. 43. Juglandaceae

Ord. XVIII. FAOAI.ES

Fam. 44. Betulaceae 5

" 45. Fagaceae 3

Ord. XIX. URTICALES

Fam. 46. Urticaceae 11

Ord. XX. SANTALALES

Fain. 47. Santalaceae

" 48. Loranthaceae 2

Ord. XXI. ARISTOLOCIIIALES

Fam. 49. Aristolochiaceae .... Ord. XXII. POLYGON ALES

Fam. 50. Polygonaceae

Ord. XXIII. CHENOPODIALBS

Fam. 51. Chenopodiaceao

" 52. Amaranthaccao 4

" 58. Phytolaccaceae 1

" 54. Nyctaginaceae 1

" 55. Illecebraceae 2

" 56. Aizoaceao 1

Ord. XXIV. CARYOIMIYLLALES

Fam. 57. Caryophyllaceae 7

" 58. Portulacaceao 4

Mnl. X X V. I: AM N< i i \ i.i I

K:iin. 59. Ceratopliylliiccac 1

" 60. Nyiii|ili;tc:i<'c!if

" f>\. llMiiuiiculiiccao 1'.'

GENERA.

Native. In trod

SI-HI IKS.

Native. Introd

VABERIM AM>

N \.MKI> KuKMS.

Native. Introd.

If,

TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES

25

ORDERS, FAMILIES, ETC.

Fam. 63. Calycanthaceae 1

" 64. Anonaceae 1

" 65. Menispermaceae 3

" 66. Berberidaceae 5

" 67. Lauraceae 4

Ord. XXVI. PAPAVERALES

Fain. 68. Papavcraceae 3

" 69. Fumariaceae 3

" 70. Cruciferae 16

" 71. Capparidaceae 2

" 72. Eesedaceae

Ord. XXVII. SARKACENIALES

Fain. 73. Sarraceniaceae 1

" 74. Droseraceae 1

Ord. XXVIII. KOSALES

Fain. 75. Podostemaceae 1

" 76. Crassulaceae 3

" 77. Saxifragaceae 14

" 78. Harnamelidaceae 3

" 79. Platanaceae 1

" 80. Eosaceae 20

" 81. Legurninosae 42

Ord. XXIX. GERANIALES

Fain. 82. Linaceae 1

" 83. Oxalidaceae 1

" 84. Geraniaceae 1

1 85. Zygophyllaceae

" 86. llutaceae 2

" 87. Simarubaceae

" 88. Polygalaceae 1

" 89. Euphorbiaceae 10

" 90. Callitrichaceae 1

Ord. XXX. SAPINDALES

Fain. 91. Buxaceae 1

" 92. Empetraceae 2

93. Limnanthaccae 1

" 94. Anacardiaceae 1

" 95. Cyrillaceae 1

" 96. Aqnifoliaceae 2

" 97. Celastraceae 3

" 98. Staphyleaceae 1

" 99. Aceraceae 1

" 100. Sapindaceae 2

" 101. Balsaminaceae 1

Ord. XXXT. EIIAMNALES

Fain. 102. Ehamnaceae 3

" 103. Vitaceae 3

Ord. XXX 1 1. MALVALES

Fain. 104. Tiliaceae 1

" 105. Malvaceae ....... 8

Ord. XXXIII. VIOLALES

P\im. 106. Ternstroemiaceae . 2

GENERA.

Native. Introd

SPECIES.

Native. Introd.

1 9

50 3 1

181 145

VARIETIES AND NAMED FORMS.

Native. Introd.

26

TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES

ORDERS, FAMILIES, ETC.	GENERA.	SPECIES.	VARIETIES AND NAMED FOKM-.
Native.	In trod.	Native.	Introd.	Native.	Introd.
Fam. 107. Hypericaceae " 108 Elatinaceae	2 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 6 1 7 3 8 29 2 25 3 1 10 1 1 3 3 4 10 3 5 6 3 5 7 8 21 8 24 2 8 8 1 8 1	1 1 17 1 1 2 1 1 5 14 5 5	25 4 13 48 2 2 6 1 3 10 4 48 12 7 57 13 78 3 1 17 2 1 5 9 4 34 5 31 19 14 16 M 11 77 If 86 16 5 1 6 1	1 3 1 2 2 20 1 5 2 4 1 2 9 1 16 2 l-J 14 V 8 1	1 3 1 1 9 3 2 7 1 17 5 1 3 3 3 2 1 4 1 It 3 7 2	1 1 2 1 1 1
" 109 Cistaceao
" 110. Violaceae . . ...
" 111. Passifloraceae " 112. Loasaceae
Ord. XXXIV. OPUNTIALES Fain 1 13 Cactaceae
Ord. XXXV. MYRTALKS Fam. 114. Thymelaceae
" 116. Lythraceae
" 117. Melastomaccae
" 118. Onagraceae '.
" 119 Haloragidaceae
Ord. XXXVI. UMBEI.I.ALES Faiu 120 Araliaceae
" 121 Umbelliferae
" 122. Cornaceae Subclass II. Metachlamydeae Ord. XXXVII. ERICALES Fam 123 Ericaceae
" 124. Diapensiaceae Ord. XXXVIII. PRIMULA LKH Fain. 125. Plumbaginaceae " 126 Primulaceae
Ord. XXXIX. EBENALES Fam 127 Sapotaceae
" 129 Styracaceae
Ord. XL. GENTIANALES Fam 130 Oleaceae . .
" 131 Loganiaceae
" 132 Gentianaceae
'' 183. Apocynaceae
" 134 A sclepiadaceac
<>nl. XI, I. PoLEMONIALES Fam. 185. Convolvulaceae
" 136 Polemoniaceae
. " 1^7. Hydrophyllaceae " 188. Boraginaccae .
" 139 Verbenaceae
" 140. Labiatao
" 142. Scrophulariacoiif
1 \'<. Lt'iitibukiriaceao " HI. <)rul);inchaccae 1 !.">. r.i^iiDniitccao " 140. Martyniacoac
" 117. Acantliacoae " 148. Phrvmaceae

TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES

27

	GENERA.	SPECIES.	VARIETIES AND NAMED FORMS.
	Native.	Introd.	Native.	Introd.	Native.	Introd.
Ord. XLII. PLANTAGINALES
Fam 149 Plantaginaceae . .	2		\i>	3	2
Ord. XLIII. KUBIALES
Fain. 150. Eubiaceae . .	7	2	34	8	8
" 151 Caprifoliaceae .	8		35	6	8
" 152. Valerianaceae	2		8	2	3
		3		5
Ord. XLIV. CAMPANULALES
Fain. 154. Cncurbitaceae	4		4
155. Campanulaceae	2	1	8	5	lr	1
" 156. Lobeliaceae	1		13		3
" 157. Compositae	81	25	430	89	123	13

SUMMARY BY DIVISIONS, CLASSES, ETC.

DIVISION, CLASS, ETC.	GENEUA.	SPECIES.	VARIETIES AND NAMED FORMS.
Native.	Introd.	Native.	Introd.	Native.	Introd.
Pteridophyta	31 790 10 780 184 335 261	180 180 26 154 88 66	115 3298 25 3273 993 2280 1249 1031	666 3 663 92 571 321 250	61 705 2 703 236 467 253 214	40 40 5 35 15 20

SUMMARY BY MINOR GROUPS

Families . . 157

Genera native . .

introduced total . .

Species native . .

introduced total . .

Varieties, named forms, etc. native . .

introduced total

821

180

3413 .. 666

766 40

1001

4079

806

Whole number of different plants (species, varieties, and named forms) treated in

this work . 4885

EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES

A. Br. — Braun, Alexander. Adans. — Adanson, Michel.

A. DC. — Ve Candolle, Alphonse. Ait. —Alton, William.

Ait.f. — Aiton, William Townsend.

AIL — Allioni, Carlo.

Anders. — Andersson, Nils Johan.

Andr. — Andrews, Henry C.

Andrz. — Andrzejowski, Anton Lukiano-

wicz.

Ard. — Arduino, Pietro. Am. — Arnott, George A. Walker. Asch. — Ascherson, Paul, Aust. — Austin, Coe Finch.

B. & H. — Bentham, George, and Hooker,

Joseph Dalton.

Bab. — Babington, Charles Cardale. Baill. — Baillon, Henri Ernest. Baldw.— Baldwin, William. Barn. — Barneoud, F. Marius. J9ar</. — Bartling, Friedrich Gottlieb. Bartr. — Bartram, William. Beauv. — Beauvois, A. M. F. J. Palisot de. Benn. — Bennett, Arthur. Benth. — Bentham, George. Bernh. — Bernhardi, Johan n Jacob. Bess. — Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von. Bieb. — Bieberstein, Friedrich August,

Marschall von. Bigel. — Bigelow, Jacob. Bjornstr. — Bjornstrdm, Friedrich Jo-

hann.

B. Juss.— Jussieu, Bernard de. Boeckl. — Boeckeler, Otto. Boenn. — Boenninghausen, C. M. F. von. Boerh. — Boerhaave, Hermann. Boiss. — Boissier, Edmond. Borkh. — Borkhausen, M. B. Br., A. Br. — Braun, Alexander. Br., P. Br. — Browne, Patrick. Br., K. Br. — Brown, Robert. Brack. — Brackenridge, William D. ig. — Briquet, John.

BSP. — Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns, E. E., and Poggenberg, .Justus F.

Burm. f. — Burman, Nikolaus Laurens.

C. & S. — Chamisso, Adalbert von, and Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von.

C. A. Mey. — Meyer, Carl Anton.

Carr. — Carriere, Elie Abel.

Cusp. — Caspary, Robert.

Cass. — Cassini, Henri.

Cav. — Cavanilles, Antonio Jose.

Celak. — Celakovsky, Ladislav.

Cerv. — Cervantes, Vicente.

Cham. — Chamisso, Adalbert von.

Chapm. — Chapman, Alvan Wentworth.

Chois. — Choisy, Jacques-Denis.

Clayt. — Clayton, John.

Coult. — Coulter, John Merle.

Cyrill. — Cirillo, Domenico.

Darl. — Darlington, William.

Davenp. — Davenport, George Edward.

DC. — De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus.

DC., A. DC. — De Candolle, Alphonse.

Dene. — Decaisne, Joseph.

Desf. — Desfontaines, Rene Louiche.

Desr. — Desrousseaux.

Desv. — Desvaux, Augustin Nicaise.

D ietr. — Dietrich, Albert.

Dill. — Dillenius, Johann Jacob.

Dougl. — Douglas, David.

Dufr. — Dufresne, Pierre.

Duham. — Du Hamel du Monceau, H. L.

Dumont. — Du Mont de Courset, G. L. M.

t.— Dumortier, Bartlielcniy C. . — Durieu de Maisonneuve.

Eat. — Eaton, Amos.

/•;/,/•/}. — Ehrhart, Friedrich.

JEW. — Elliott, Stephen.

Emit. — Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus.

KiujcliH. — Engelmann, George.

Esch. — Eschscholtz, Johaiin Friedrich.

Finch. — Fischer. F. E. l.udwigvon.

Forst. — Forster, J. R. and George.

h\>n<j. — Fougeroux, Augusts Denis.

28

ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES

29

Fourn. — Fournier, Eugene.

Fresn. — Fresenius, J. B. G. W.

FroeL — Froelich, Joseph Aloys.

Gaertn, — Gaertner, Joseph.

Gal. — Galeotti, Henri.

Gaud. — Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles.

G. F. W. Mey.— Meyer, Georg Fried- rich Wilhelm.

Gilib. — Gilibert, Jean Emmanuel.

Gmel. — Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb.

Gmel., J. F. Gmel. — Gmelin, Joliann Fried rich.

GmeL, J. G. Gmel. — Gmelin, Johann Georg.

Godr. — Godron, Dominique Alexandre.

Good. — Goodenough, Samuel.

Grab. — Grabowski, Heinrich Emanuel.

Graebn. — Graebner, Paul.

Gren. — Grenier, Charles.

Grev. — Greville, Robert Kaye.

Griseb. — Grisebach, Heinrich R. A.

Gronov. — Gronovius, Jan Fredrik.

Gunn. — Gunnerus, Johann Ernst.

Guss. — Gussoni, Giovanni.

H. & A. —Hooker, William Jackson, and Arnott, G. A. Walker.

Hack.— Hackel, Eduard.

Hart in. — Hartman, Carl Johan.

Hassk. — Hasskarl, Justus Carl.

Haussk. — Haussknecht, Carl.

Haw. — Haworth, Adrian Hardy.

HBK. — Humboldt, F. Alexander von, Bonpland, Aime', and Kunth, C. S.

Hegel. — Hegelmaier, Friedrich.

Heist. — Heister, Lorentz.

Herb. — Herbert, William.

Hitchc.— Hitchcock, Albert Spear.

Hoffin.— Hoffmann, Georg Franz.

Hoo k. — Hooker, William Jackson.

Hook. /. — Hooker, Joseph Dalton.

Hornem. — Hornemann, Jens Wilken.

Huds.— Hudson, William.

Jacq. — Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph.

J. D. Sm. — Smith, John Donnell.

J. F. Gmel. — Gmelin, Johann Friedrich.

J. G. Gmel. — Gmelin, Johann Georg.

J. G. Sm. — Smith, Jared Gage.

J. Sm. — Smith, John.

Jord. — Jordan, Alexis.

Juss. — Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de.

Juss., B. Juss.— Jussieu, Bernard de.

Karst. — Karsten, Hermann.

Krock. — Krocker, Anton Johann.

Ktze. — Kuntze, Otto.

L. — Linnaeus, Carolus, or Linne, Carl

von.

L.f. — Linne, Carl von (the sou). Laestad. — Laestadius, Lars Levi. Lag. — Lagasca, Mariano. Loll. — Ave-Lallemant, J. L. E. Lam. — Lamarck, J. B. A. P. Monnet. Lamb. — Lambert, Aylmer Bourke. Lat. — Latourette, M. A. L. Leavemv. — Leavenworth, Melines C. Ledeb. — Ledebour, Carl F. von. Lehm. — Lehmann, J. G. C. Lesp.& Th£v. — Lespinasse, Gustave, and

Theveneau, A.

Less. — Lessing, Christian Friedrich. L'Her. — L'Heritier de Brutelle, C. L. Light/. — Lightfoot, John. Lindl. — Lindley, John. Lodd. — Loddiges, Conrad. Loefl. — Loefling, Pehr. Loisel. — Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J.

L. A.

Loud. — Loudon, John Claudius. Lour. — Loureiro, Juan. MacM. — MacMillan, Conway. Marsh. — Marshall, Humphrey. Maxim. — Maximowicz, Carl Johann. Medic. — Medicus, Friedrich Casimir. Meisn. — Meisner, Carl Friedrich. Merr. —Merrill, Elmer D. Mett. — Mettenius, Georg Heinrich. Mey. — Meyer, Ernst Heinrich F. Mey., C. A. Mey.— Meyer, Carl Anton. Mey., G. F. W. Mey. — Meyer, Georg

Friedrich Wilhelm. Mich. — Micheli, Pier' Antonio. Michx. — Michaux, Andre. Michx.f. — Michaux, Fra^ois Andre. Mill. — Miller, Philip. Moq. — Moquin-Tandon, Alfred. Muell. Ary. — Mueller, Jean (of Aar-

gau). Muench. — Muenchhausen, Otto Freiherr

von.

Muhl. — Muhlenberg, G. H. E. Murr. — Murray, Johann Andreas. Neck. — Necker, Noel Joseph de. Nees — Nees von Esenbeck, Chrfstian

Gottfried. Nees & Eberm. — Nees von Esenbeck, T.

F. L., and Ebermaier, K. H. Newm. — Newman, Edward.

30

ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES

Nutt. — Nuttall, Thomas.

Pall. —Pallas, Peter Simon.

Parl. — Parlatore, Filippo.

P. Br. — Browne, Patrick.

Pers. — Persoon, Christian Hendrik.

Peterm. — Petermann, Wilhelm Ludwig.

Planch. — Planchon, Jules Emile.

Plum. — Plumier, Charles.

Pair. — Poiret, Jean Louis Marie.

Poll. — Pollich, Johann Adam.

R. & P. — Ruiz Lopez, Hipolito, and Pavon, Josef.

R. & S. — Roemer, J. J., and Schultes, August.

Raf. — Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S.

R. Br. —Brown, Robert.

Reichenb. — Reichenbach, H. G. L.

Retz. — Retzius, Anders Johan.

Richards. — Richardson, John.

Roem. — Roemer, M. J.

Rostk. — Rostkovius, F. W. G.

Rottb. — Rottboell, Christen Fries.

Rupp. — Ruppius, Heinrich Bernhard.

Rupr. — Ruprecht, Franz J.

Rydb. — Rydberg, Per Axel.

Salisb.— Salisbury, Richard Anthony.

Sarg. — Sargent, Charles Sprague.

Sch. Bip. — Schultz, Karl Heinrich (dis- tinguished as Bipontinus, i.e. of Zweibrucken).

Schleich. — Schleicher, J. C.

Schleid. — Schleiden, Matthias Jacob.

Schrad. — Schrader, Heinrich Adolph.

Schreb. — Schreber, Johann D. C. von.

Schwein. — Schweinitz, Lewis David de.

Scop. — Scopoli, Johann Anton.

Scribn. — Lamson-Scribner, Frank.

Ser. — Seringe, Nicolas Charles.

Shuttlw. — Shuttleworth, Robert.

Sibth. — Sibthorp, John.

Sieb. & Zucc. — Siebold, P. F. von, and Zuccarini, J. G.

Sm. — Smith, James Edward.

Sm., J. Sm. — Smith, John.

Sm., J. D. Sm. — Smith, John Donnell.

Sm., J. G. Sm. — Smith, Jared Gage.

Soland. — Solander, Daniel.

Sprerifj. — Sprengel, Kurt.

Sternb. — Stern berg, Caspar.

Steud. — Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb.

Stev. — Steven, Christian.

St.Hil. — St. Hilaire, Auguste de.

Sulliv. — Sullivant, William Starling.

Sw. — Swartz, Olaf.

T. & G. — Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa.

Thunb. — Thunberg, Carl Pehr.

Torr. — Torrey, John.

Tourn. — Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de.

Trel. — Trelease, William.

Trev. — Treviranus, Christian Ludolf.

Trln. — Trinius, Karl Bernhard.

Tuckerm. — Tuckerman, Edward.

Ttircz. — Turczaninow, Nicolaus.

Underw. — Underwood, Lucien Marcus.

Valll. — Vaillant, Sebastien.

Vent.— Ventenat, Etienne Pierre.

Vill.— Villars, Dominique.

JFrtM&._ Wahlberg, PehrFredrik.

Wahlenb. — Wahlenberg, Georg.

Waia&t. & Kit.— Waldstein, F. A. von,

and Kitaibel, P. Wallr. — Wallroth, K. F. W. Walp.— Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard. Walt. — Walter, Thomas. Wang. — Wangenheim, F. A. J. von. Wats.— Watson, Sereno. Wettst.— Wettstein, Richard von. Willil. — Willdenow, Carl Ludwig. Wimm. — Wimmer, Friedrich. With. — Withering, William. Wormsk. — Wonnskiold, M. von. Wulf. — Wulf en, Franz Xavier.

I

FURTHER ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS EMPLOYED IN THIS WORK

(The customary and well known abbreviations for the states of the Union and mouths of the year are omitted from this list.)

1

Adv., adventive, i.e. as yet only casual and sporadic.

Afr., Africa.

Alb., Alberta.

Am., America or American.

Assina., Assiniboia.

Austr., Australia.

uuth., authors.

B. C., British Columbia.

cm., centimeter (or centimeters), the hundredth part of a meter, = about two-fifths of an inch.

cosmop., cosmopolitan.

distr., distributed.

dm., decimeter (or decimeters), the tenth part of a meter, = about four inches.

e., east or eastern.

eastw., eastward.

Eu., Europe.

Eurasia, Europe and Asia.

/., films, son, or the younger.

FL, flowers or flowering.

Fr., fruit or fruiting.

Greenl., Greenland.

Hnds. B., Hudson Bay.

/., island.

Introd., introduced, i.e. brought in inten- tionally, as through horticulture, etc.

I. T., Indian Territory.

L., lake.

Lab., Labrador.

L. I., Long Island, New York.

m., meter (or meters), = about 39^ inches.

Man., Manitoba.

Man. ed. 6, Sixth edition of Gray's Man- ual of Botany.

Mex., Mexico.

mm,, millimeter (or millimeters), = about one twenty-fifth of an inch.

mt., mts., mountain, mountains.

?i., north or northern.

N. A., North America.

nat., naturalized, i.e. thoroughly estab- lished.

JV. B., New Brunswick.

n. e., northeast.

Nfd., Newfoundland.

no., number.

northw., northward.

N. S., Nova Scotia.

n. w., northwest.

Okla., Oklahoma^

Ont., Ontario.

P. E. L, Prince Edward Island.

Que., Province of Quebec.

R., river.

s., south or southern.

S. A., South America.

Sask., Saskatchewan.

s. e., southeast.

Sibcr., Siberia.

southw., southward.

Subtrop., sub-tropical.

s. w., southwest.

Temp., temperate.

Trop., tropics or tropical.

w., west or western.

westw., westward.

W. /., West Indies.

M (pronounced mu). A micron, the mil- lionth part of a meter, a measure used in microscopic studies.

- Figures or words connected by the

31

ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS

short dash indicate the extremes of variation, as "5-12 mm. long, few-mauy-flowered," i.e. varying from five to twelve millimeters in length and from few to many flow- ered. § section.

co Of indefinite number, usually many. x crossed with, the sign of a hybrid.

! A mark of atfirmation or authentica- tion.

? indicates doubt.

$ Bearing stamens or autheridia hut neither pistils nor archegonia.

9 Bearing pistils or archegonia but neither stamens nor antheridia.

DESCRIPTIVE FLORA

DIVISION I. PTEBIDOPHYTA (FERNS AND FERN ALLIES)

Male generative cells (spermatozoids) spirally coiled motile bodies, not developing into a tube. Plants with more or less distinct alter- nation of generations. The sexual stage, a small thalloid body ; the asexual provided with vascular tissue and (with rare exceptions) differentiated into stem and leaves (fronds), some of these modified to bear asexual reproductive bodies or spores (without embryo), which again give rise to the sexual generation. — Often called Vascular Cryptogams or Higher Flowerless Plants.

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE (FILMY FERN FAMILY)

I

Delicate ferns with slender often filiform creeping rootstocks. Fronds pellucid, of a single layer of cells. Sporangia sessile on a bristle-like receptacle within a cup-shaped, tubular, or bivalvular involucre, from the apex of a vein, the ring transverse and complete. Chiefly tropical, inhabit'ing damp places, often epiphytic. Fronds circinate in vernation.

1. TRICHOMANES L. FILMY FERN

A"

Involucre tubular-funnel-shaped, the mouth nearly or quite truncate. Spo- rangia bursting vertically. — Ours a small creeping fern with much divided fronds. (An ancient Greek name for some fern.)

1. T. Boschiinum Sturm. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, 12-35 mm. wide, bipinnatifid ; rhachis narrowly winged ; pinnae triangular-ovate, the divi- sions toothed or again lobed ; capillary receptacle often much exserted. ( T. rad- icans Man. ed. 6, not Sw.) — On moist and dripping sandstone cliffs, Ky. to

POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY)

Leafy plants (ours herbaceous), with creeping rhizomes. Spores borne in sporangia (spore-cases), these collected in dots, lines, or variously shaped clusters (sori or fruit dots) on the back or margins of the frond or its divisions, cellular- reticulated, stalked, the stalk running into a vertical incomplete many-jointed ring, which by straightening at maturity ruptures the sporangium transversely on the inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit dots often covered (at least GRAY'S MANUAL — 3 33

34 POLYPODIACEAE (FERX FAMILY)

when young) by a membrane called the indusium (or less properly the involucre}, growing either from the back or the margin of the frond.

ft-. Indusiutn none or abortive and obscure b. ft. Sterile fronds simply pinnatifid (the segments rarely toothed or lobed).

Fertile fronds similar to the sterile, flat and leaf-like .... 1. POLVPODIUM. Fertile fronds much contracted ; segments pod-like . . . .18. ONOCI.I \.

b. Sterile fronds '.i-4-piiinate or -pinnatih'd.

Sterile fronds green on both surfaces.

Fertile fronds similar to the sterile, leaf-like 2. PHEGOPTERIS.

Fertile fronds much contracted ; segments pod-like . . .18. ONOCI.EA.

Sterile fronds whitened beneath 3. NOTIK.I.AENA.

a. Indusium present c.

c. Indusium formed entirely or in part by the revolute edge of the frond d. d. Sori clearly distinct.

Indusium single, covering the sorus 4. ADIANTUM.

Indusium double, cup-like or 2-valved 17. DICKSONIA.

d. Sori soon confluent as a more or less continuous marginal band.

Stipe stout (3-4 mm. in diam.), commonly solitary .... 5. PTERIS. Stipes filiform (0.5-1.3 mm. in diam.), clustered. Segments of the sterile frond glabrous. Oreen or greenish.

Segments petiolulate or articulated at cordate or rounded base 7. PELLAEA. Segments of sterile frond cuneate at sessile unarticulated base s. < UVPI.M;KAMMA.

Chalky-white beneath 3. NOTHOLAEXA.

Segments of the sterile frond pubescent C. (JHKILANTHES.

c. Indusium not continuous with the edge of the frond e.

e. Indusium peltate or laterally attached, covering the sorus when young /. /. Sori more or less elongated.

Sori parallel to the midrib 9. WOODWARDIA.

Sori parallel to the oblique lateral veins. Veins free; fronds 1-3-pinnate.

Sori separate, straight or horseshoe-shaped . . . .10. ASPLENIUM. Sori linear, confluent in pairs (appearing like single sori

but with indusia on both sides) 11. So>i.oi'KM>iurM.

Veins reticulated ; fronds simple, rooting at the tip . . .12. CAMI-TOSOUI *. /. Sori orbicular or reniforrn g.

g. Indusium evident at least when young ; fertile fronds leaf-like h. h. Indusium fixed by the center.

Indusium orbicular-peltate, without a sinus . . . .13. POLYSTK-HI'M. Indusium reniform or if orbicular with a narrow sinus . . 14. ASPIMIM.

h. Indusium attached at the side 15. CYSTOHTKIMS.

g. Indusium obscure, lunate ; fertile segments much contracted,

pod-like 18. ON«>.IK\.

e. Indusium inferior, cup-like or involucre-like.

Indusium 2-valved, cup-like 17. DICKSONIA.

Indusium cleft into narrow segments 1C. WOODSIA.

*

1. POLYP6DIUM [Tourn.] L. POLYPODY

Fruit dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond in one or more rows each side of the midrib or central vein, or irregularly scattered, each borne in our species on the end of a free veinlet. Rootstocks creeping, branched, often covered with chaffy scales, bearing scattered roundish knobs, to which the stipes are attached by a distinct articulation. (Name from TTO\U-, many, and TTO^S, fnnt, alluding to the branching rootstock.)

1. P. vulg^re L. Fronds evergreen, oblong, smooth both sides, 8-40 cm. high, simple and deeply pinnatifid ; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse or some- what acute, remotely and obscurely toothed; veins once or twice forked; fruit dotslarge, midway between the midrib </»</ tlif ainri/in. — - Kocks ; common. July. (Eu., etc.) Variable. Some of the more noteworthy forms have been distinguished as : Var. ATTENU\TUM Milde, with segments attenuate-acuminate, serrulate toward the end. Var. AURITHM Willd., \\ith the lowest segments uuri - cled. Var. < AMMKICUM (L.) Willd., with the segments more or less strongly toothed or pinnatifid. Var. CRIST.VITM Moore, with segments 1-several times forked at the ends.

2. P. polypodioides (L.) Ilitchc. Frond evergreen and coriaceous, oblong, 6-26 cm. high, ijniyish nnd nr// xfiirfij mnlrn«nJt with pcUat> tn-«l,s. simply pinnatifid ; the divisions oblong-linear, obtuse ; frnit '/"/s rufln-r .s, //*///, >i,-nr tJie inurifin ; veins forking, free in the N. American plant! ( /'. inramnn S\v.) — Rocks and trunks of trees, Va. and O. to la., and southw. ; reported on Staten I., N. Y. (Trop.)

POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 35

2. PHEG6PTERIS (Presl) Fe'e. BEECH FERN

Fruit dots small, round, naked (no indusium), borne on the back of the veins below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. — Our species have free veins and bright green mem bran aceous fronds, decaying in early autumn. (Name composed of #77765, an oak or beech, and Trrfyts, fern.)

* Fronds twice pinnatiftd ; pinnae all sessile, adnate to the winged rhachis.

1. P. polypodioides Fee. Fronds triangular, longer than broad (8-26 cm. long), hairy on the veins, especially beneath ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, the lowest pair deflexed and standing forward ; their divisions oblong, obtuse, entire, the basal decurrent upon the main rhachis ; fruit dots all near the margin. (P. Phegopteris Underw.) —Damp woods, Nfd. to N. Y., " Va.," Wise., la., Wash., and Alaska. (Eurasia.)

2. P. hexagon6ptera (Michx.) Fe'e. Fronds triangular, usually broader than long (14-30 cm. broad), slightly pubescent and often finely glandular beneath: pinnae lanceolate ; upper segments oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, those of the very large lowest pinnae often elongated and pinnately lobed, basal ones very much decurrent and forming a continuous many-angled wing along the main rhachis ; fruit dots near the margin ; some also between the sinus and the mid- rib.— Rather open woods, centr. Me. to w. Que., w. to Minn., and southw. ; common. — Larger and broader than the last, which it often closely resembles.

* * Fronds ternate, the three divisions petioled ; rhachis wingless.

3. P. Dry6pteris (L.) Fe'e. (OAK FERN.) Fronds smooth, broadly triangular (1-1.5 dm. wide), the three triangular primary divisions all widely spreading, 1-2-pinnate ; segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed ; fruit dots near the margin. — Rocky woods ; common northw. (Eurasia.)

4. P. Robertiana (Hoffm.) A. Br. Fronds minutely glandular and some- what rigid, dull green ; lowest inferior pinnae of the lateral divisions smaller in proportion than in the last species. (P. calcarea Fe'e.) — Shaded limestone, " Lab." and Anticosti to N. B., la., and Man. ; rare. (Eu.)

3. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. CLOAK FERN

Fruit dots roundish or oblong, placed near the ends of the veins, soon more or less confluent into an irregular marginal band, with no proper involucre. Veins always free. Fronds of small size, 1-4-pinnate, the lower surface almost always either hairy, tomentose, chaffy, or covered with a fine waxy white or yellow powder. (Name from v66os, spurious, and Xcura, a cloak, the woolly coating of the original species forming a spurious covering to the sporangia.)

1. N. dealbata (Pursh) Kunze. Fronds triangular-ovate, 3-8 cm. long, 3-4-pinnate ; rhachis and branches straight, black and shining ; ultimate pin- nules ovate-oblong, scarcely 2 mm. long, white and powdery on the lower surface. (N. nivea, var. Davenp.) — Clefts of dry calcareous rocks, Mo., Kan., and southwestw. July, August.

1"

4. ADIANTUM [Tourn.] L. MAIDENHAIR

Fruit dots marginal, short, borne on the under side of a transversely oblong, crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin of a lobe of the frond reflexed to form an indusium ; the sporangia attached to the approximated tips of the free forking veins. — Main rib (costa) of the pinnules none (in our species) or at the lower margin. Stipes black and polished. (The ancient name, from a- privative and diaivu, meaning unwetted, the foliage repelling rain-drops.)

1. A. pedatum L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender stalk (2-5 dm. high), the recurved branches bearing on one side several slender spreading pinnate divisions ; pinnules numerous, short-stalked and obliquely triangular-oblong, entire on the lower margin, from which the vines all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. — Rich moist woods. July.

36 POLYPOD1ACEAE (FERN FAMILY)

2. A. Capillus-Veneris L. Fronds (1-5 dm. high) with a continuous main rhachis, ovate-lanceolate, often pendent, 2-3-pinnate at the base, the upper third or half simply pinnate ; pinnules wedge-obovate or rhomboid, 15-32 mm. long, deeply and irregularly incised ; veinlets flabellately forking from the base ; invo- lucres lunulate or transversely oblong. — Moist rocky places, s. N. Y. (?) ; s.e. Pa. to Ky. and Fla.; also S. Dak. and south west w. (Widely distr.)

5. PTERIS L. BRAKE or BRACKEN

Sporangia in a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire margin of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge which forms a continuous membranaceous indusium, attached to an uninterrupted transverse vein-like receptacle connecting the tips of the forked free veins, with or without an obscure inner indusium. Fronds 1-3-pinnate or decompound. (The ancient Greek name of Ferns, from trrephv, a winy, on account of the prevalent pinnate or feathery fronds.)

1. P. aquilina L. (COMMON BRAKE.) Frond dull green (2-0 dm. wide), ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (2-9 dm. high), the widely spread- ing branches twice pinnate ; pinnules oblong -lanceolate ; the upper undivided ; the lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round with the indusium, which is really double in this species. (Pteridium Kuhn.) — Thickets and hillsides, common. Aug. (Widely distr.) Var. PSEUDOCAU- D\TA Clute is a form with many of the pinnules, especially the terminal ones, narrow, entire, and much elongated. — Mass, to N. J., south w. to Fla. and Tex.

6. CHEILANTHES Sw.

Sporangia borne on the thickened ends of free veinlets, forming small and roundish distinct or nearly contiguous marginal fruit dots, covered by a mostly whitish and membranaceous, sometimes herbaceous, common indusium, formed of the reflexed margin of separate lobes or of the whole pinnule. — Low, mostly with 2-3-pinnate and hairy or chaffy, rarely smooth fronds, the sterile and fertile nearly alike, the divisions with the principal vein central. Some species with continuous indusium connect this genus very closely with the next. (Name composed of "xetXos, margin, and &v6os, a flower, from the marginal sori.)

* Fronds smooth, or at most hairy.

1. C. alabamSnsis (Buckley) Kunze. Fronds smooth, chartaceous (7-20 cm. long), ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnae numerous, oblong-lanceolate ; pin- nules triangular-oblong, rather acute, often auriculate or lobed ; iiit/Ksiiini <•/»//- tinuous, rather broad, pale, and of firm consistence. — On rocks, mts. of Va. to Ky., south w. and westw. (Mex.)

2. C. lanbsa (Michx.) Watt. Fronds (1-4 dm. high) lanceolate-oblong, h twite, as are the brown and shining stipes, with straight i*h />/•"/////»////// 'irt inf- lated rusty hairs, twice pinnate; pinnae rather distant, triangular-ovate; pin- nules oblong, crowded (4-8 mm. long), more or less incised, ////• cm I* »f tin' roundish or oblong lobes reflexed and forming separate herbaceous involucres, which are pushed back by the ripened 'sporangia. (C. vestita Sw.) —Clefts of rocks, Ct. to Minn., Wyo., and south w.

* * Fronds icoolly or tomentose.

:'.. C. tomentbsa Link. Fronds (1.6-5 dm. high) lanceolate-oblong, densely tomentose with slen<l< r <m<l cnt<nnjli><\ whitish ol>xnirrl{i m'/ictil<ttf'<l Imir*. thrice pinnate ; primary and secondary pinnae oblong or ovate-oblong; }>i)inu]<'s tlis- tiin-t, minute i 1-2 nun. long), roundish-obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the upper surface less woolly, tin- rrth'snl //»//•/••»//• i,tnr{iin f<>n,n'»<i <i cnut'unnms n»iiu-it<h(tt iiif'nil»-ini<><-iuits ititliix/um. — Mts. of Va. and Ky. : thence \v. and s.mthw. — Stipe and rliachis rather stout, brown, covered with narrow chaffy scales and whitish hairs. (Mex., W. I.)

4. C. Feei Moore. Stipes slender, at first hairy, black or brown, shining;

POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 37

fronds (8-17 cm. high) ovate-lanceolate, woolly with soft whitish distinctly articulated flattened hairs, becoming smoother above, twice or thrice pinnate; pinnae (8-12 mm. long) ovate, the lowest distant, the others contiguous ; pin- nules crenately pinnatifid, or mostly divided into minute and roundish densely crowded segments (1-2 mm. long), the herbaceous margin recurved and forming an almost continuous indusium. (C. lanuginosa Nutt.) — In dense tufts, on dry rocks and cliffs, 111. to Minn., thence w. and south w.

7. PELLAEA Link. CLIFF BRAKE

Sporangia in roundish or elongated clusters on the upper part of the free veins, distinct, or confluent laterally so as to imitate the marginal continuous line of fructification of Pteris, commonly covered by a broad membranaceous and continuous (rarely interrupted) general indusium, which consists of the reflexed and altered margin of the fertile pinnule or division. — Small ferns, with 1-3- pinnate fronds, the fertile ones with narrower divisions than the sterile, but otherwise similar. Stipes generally dark-colored, smooth, and shining. (Name from 7reXX6s, dusky, alluding to the stipe.)

1. P. atropurpurea (L.) Link. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on the midribs and especially on the dark purple and polished stalk and rhachis, 1-6 dm. high ; fronds coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate ; the divi- sions broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, some- what heart-shaped or else truncate at the stalked base ; veins about twice forked. —Dry calcareous rocks, "N. H." and Vt. to R. I., Ga., and westw. ; not common. July. Var. CRISTATA Trel. is a form with dichotomously forked pinnae, somewhat crowded toward the summit of the frond. — Eureka, Mo. (G. Pauls}.

•

s

:

8. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. ROCK BRAKE

Fruit dots roundish or elongated and extending far down on the free forking ems. Margins of the fertile segments herbaceous or more or less scarious, at first reflexed and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat and exposing the confluent sporangia. — Low ferns, with smooth 2-3-pinnate tufted fronds, the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and with narrower divisions. (Name from KpvTTTbs, hidden, and ypa^^-f), a line, alluding to the lines of sporangia at first concealed by the reflexed margin.)

* Revolute margins of the fertile frond bearing a distinct scarious indusial border; ultimate segments of the sterile fronds lance-linear, acute.

1. C. de"nsa (Brack.) Diels. Fronds not very dissimilar, 8-20 cm. high ; stipes purplish brown ; segments of the sterile fronds lance-linear, very acute, incisely serrate. (Pellaea Hook.) — Calcareous or serpentine walls of ravines, etc., Mt. Albert, Gaspe" Co., Que. ; Grey Co., Ont. ; and in the far west.

* Rf volute margins of the fertile frond scarcely modified; ultimate segments of the sterile fronds broader.

2. C. acrostichoides R. Br. Fronds markedly dissimilar ; segments of the ertile linear (6-10 mm. long), of the sterile ovate-oblong, obtuse, serrulate ;

stipes straw-colored, scaly especially toward the base. — Crevices of rocks, Arctic Am. to L. Huron, L. Superior, Col., and Cal.

3. C. Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. Fronds markedly dissimilar; segments of e fertile linear-oblong to lance-linear; those of the sterile ovate to obovate-

nabelliform, crenulate, decurrent at their cuneate bases. (Pellaea gracilis Hook.) —Shaded chiefly calcareous rocks, Que. and N. B. to Vt., Ct., n. Pa., 111., and north westw. ; local. (Asia.)

9. WOODWARDIA Sm. CHAIN FERN

Fruit dots oblong or linear, arranged in one or more chain-like rows on trans- verse anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium fixed by

38 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY)

its outer margin to the fruitful veinlet, free and opening on the side next the midrib. Veins more or less reticulated, free toward the margin of the frond. — Large ferns, with pinnatifid or pinnate fronds. (Named for Thomas J. Wood- ward, an English botanist.)

§ 1. ANCHISTEA (Presl) Hook. Sterile and fertile fronds alik< ; n-inx form- ing only one row of meshes (oriole*).

1. W. virginica (L.) Sm. Fronds (6-14 dm. high) pinnate, with numerous lanceolate pinnatifid pinnae ; segments oblong ; veins forming a row of narrow areoles along the midrib both of the pinnae and of the lobes, the outer veinlcts free ; fruit dots oblong, one to each areole, confluent when ripe. — AVet swamps, N. S. to Fla., La., Mich., and Ont. Rootstocks creeping, often 2-3 m. long! July.

§ 2. LORINSERIA (Presl) Hook. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; veins of the sterile fronds forming many rows of meshes.

2. W. areolata (L.) Moore. Fronds pinnatifid ; sterile ones (2-6 dm. high) with lanceolate serrulate divisions united by a broad wing ; fertile fronds taller, with narrowly linear almost disconnected divisions, the areoles and fruit dots (8-10 mm. long) in a single row each side of the secondary midrib ; rootstocks creeping. (W. angustifolia Sm.) — Wet woods, s. Me. to Fla. and Tex. ; also Ark. and Mich. ; rare. Aug., Sept.

10. ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT

Fruit dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate ; the straight or rarely curved indusium fixed lengthwise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the fertile vein ; — in some species a part of the fruit dots are double, the fertile vein bear- ing two indusia placed back to back. Veins free in all our species. (Name from a- privative and <nr\-f)v, the spleen, for supposed remedial properties.)

§ 1. EUASPLENIUM (Endl.) Klotzsch. Indusium straight or slightly eitnwtf, attached to the upper side of the vein, rarely double ; small evergr<-<-n ferns ,- stipes filiform or nearly so, with vascular bundles separate and peripheral or if united toward the summit forming a lunate bundle ; scales of the rhizome and stipes narrow, of firm texture and with thick-walled cells.

* Fronds pinnatifid, or pinnate only near the base.

1. A. pinnatifidum Nutt. Fronds (7-20 cm. long) lanceolate, pinnatifid <T pinnate below, tapering above into a slender prolongation, "the apex somctinu'.s rooting"; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, or the lowest long-acuminate; fruit dots irregular, those next the midrib often double, even the slender prolongation fertile; stipes brownish, becoming green above, and so passing into tin- brood pale green midrib. — On cliffs and rocks, Ct. to Mo., and southw. ; very rare. July. — Resembles the Walking Leaf (Camptosorus) , but the veins are free.

x A. ebenoides R. R. Scott. Fronds (1-2 dm. high) broadly lanceolate, pin- natifid, below pinnate, the apex prolonged and slender; divisions lnn>-i'»late from a broad base, the lower ones shorter, often proliferous, as is the apex <>t the frond; fruit dots much as in the last; stipes black and polished, as is (he lower part of the midrib, especially beneath. — Limestone cliffs, Vt. ( Miss \Vool- son, Miss Smith) to Mo., and southw. ; very rare. A noteworthy hybrid be- tween A. platyneuron and Camptosorus rhizophyllus ; its origin early suspect* d by M. G. Berkeley and recently demonstrated by Miss Margaret Xlossoii. This fern is more abundant and probably self-perpetuating in Ala.

* * Fronds narrow, linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, with numerous pinnae ; these entire to serrate or rarely incised.

-»- Pinnae not auncled.

2. A. viride Tluds. Fronds (5-13 cm. tall) tufted, linear in outline, pale <//•>,, t, softly In-rliacenux ; pinnae roundish-ovate or OVOt&rkombotd, short- stalked, crenately toothed (4-9 mm. long), the mid vein indistinct and forking;

POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 39

the slender stipe brownish and passing into a green herbaceous rhachis. — Shaded limestone ; Nfd. to n. N. E., w. and'northw ; rare. (Widely distr.)

3. A. Trich6manes L. Fronds (8-22 cm. long) in dense spreading tufts, linear in outline, dark green and more rigid; pinnae roundish-oblong or oval (3-7 mm. long), entire or crenulate, rarely incised, unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-truncate at base, attached by a narrow point, the midvein forking and evanescent ; the thread-like stipe and rhachis purple-brown and shin- ing.—Shaded rocks. July. (Widely distr.) Forma INCISUM Moore with deeply pinnatifid pinnae has been reported from Vt. (Miss Grout, Mrs. Norton).

-»- •*- Pinnae more or less auricled.

4. A. parvulum Mart. & Gal. Fronds upright (1-25 dm. high), narrowly linear-oblanceolate ; pinnae (4-12 mm. long) rigid and thickish, mostly opposite, nearly sessile, somewhat deflexed, oblong, obtuse, entire or crenulate, auricled on the upper or both sides ; sori rather few, as near the margin as to the continu- ous midvein ; stipe and rhachis black and shining. (A. resiliens Kunze.) — Mts. of Va. to Kan., and southw. — Intermediate between the last and the next.

5. A. platyneuron (L ) Oakes. Fronds upright (2-5 dm. tall), linear- oblanceolate in outline, fertile ones much the taller ; pinnae (1-3 cm. long) firmly membranaceous, mostly alternate, sessile, spreading, oblong or oblong- linear, finely serrate or even incised, the base auricled on the upper or both sides ; sori many, nearer the elongated midvein than the margin ; stipe and rhachis blackish-purple and shining. (A. ebeneum Ait.) — Rocky open woods, s. Me. to Col., and southw. (W. I., S. Am., Afr.) Var. SERR\TUM (E. S. Miller) BSP. is a form with at least some of the pinnae deeply jagged-serrate. Var. INCISUM (E. C. Howe) Robinson has very brittle stipes and the pinnae deeply pinnatifid. (A. ebeneum, var. Hortonae Davenp.) — Vt. to Md., Mo., and "Ark." ; rare.

6. A. Bradley! D. C. Eaton. Fronds oblong-lanceolate (4-20 cm. tall); stipe blackish and somewhat shining ; pinnae membranaceous, rather numerous, the lower ones no larger than the middle ones, all short-stalked, oblong-ovate, obtuse, incised or pinnatifid into oblong toothed lobes. — On rocks, e. N. Y. to Ky.,

I" Mo.," and southw. ; rare. * * * Fronds ovate-lanceolate to deltoid, 2-3-pinnate or -pinnatifid.

7. A montanum Willd. Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base (5-13 cm. long), subcoriaceous, pinnate ; pinnae ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately cleft into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper gradually simpler ; rhachis green, broad and fiat ; stipe brown at base. — Cliffs and rocks, from Ct. to O., Ky., "Ark.," and southw. July.

8. A. Ruta-muraria L. Fronds deltoid-ovate (3-7 cm. long exclusive of the n stipe), subcoriaceous, laxly 2-3-pinnate at base, the pinnae alternate ;

ultimate segments few, stalked (3-14 ram. long), from narrowly cuneate to roundish-obovate, toothed or incised at the apex ; veins forking ; sori 2-4 on a segtfient ; rhachis and stipe green. — Limestone cliffs, Vt. to Ont., Mich., Mo., and southw. ; scarce. July. (Eurasia.)

K2. ATHYRIUM (Roth) J. Sm. Indusium straight or more often curved, fre- quently crossing the vein ; fronds tall, strictly herbaceous ; the stipes green or greenish not filiform, the bundles concentric and uniting above into a 3-4:-armed central bundle; scales delicate, of thin-walled cells. — Athyrium Roth as redefined by Milde. * Fronds simply pinnate ; indusium straight or but slightly curved.

9. A. angustifblium Michx. Fronds 6-12 dm. high; pinnae (8-12 cm. long) numerous, short-stalked, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or crenulate, those of the fertile* frond narrower; fruit dots linear, 20-40 each side of the midvein ; indusia slightly convex. (Athyrium Milde.) — Rich woods, w. Que. and N. H. to Minn., and southw. Sept.

* * Fronds bipinnatifid ; indusium straight or slightly curved.

10. A. acrostichoides Sw. Fronds (6-11 dm. high) pinnate; pinnae deeply

40 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY)

pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate (7-13 cm. long) ; the lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 3-6 pairs of oblong fruit dots, some of them double. (A. thelypteroides Michx. ; Athyrium acrostichoides Diels.) — Rich woods, N. S. to Ga., Ala., and Minn. ; not rare. (Asia.)

* * * Fronds bipinnate ; indusia at least in part reniform or horseshoe-shaped.

11. A. Filix-f6mina (L.) Bernh. (LADY FERN.) Fronds (4-10 dm. high) ovate-oblong or broadly lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, numerous ; pinnules confluent on the secondary rhachis by a narrow margin, oblong and doubly serrate, or elongated and pinnately incised with cut-toothed segments ; fruit dots short, variously curved, at length confluent. (Athyrium Roth.) — Moist woods ; common and presenting many varying forms. July. (Cosmop.)

11. SCOLOPENDRIUM Adans. HART'S TONGUE

Fruit dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening along the middle. (The ancient Greek name, employed because the numerous parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of the centipede, or Scolopendra.)

1. S. vulgare Sm. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-heart-shaped base, entire or wavy-margined (12-45 cm. long, 2-6 cm. broad), bright green. (Phyllitis Scolopendrium Newm.) — Shaded ravines and under limestone cliffs ; Woodstock, N. B. ; Grey and Bruce Cos., Ont. ; centr. N. Y. ; and Tenn. ; very rare. Aug. (Mex., Eurasia.)

12. CAMPTOS6RUS Link. WALKING LEAF

Fruit dots oblong or linear, as in Asplenium, but irregularly scattered on either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, those next the midrib single, the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs (so that their two indusia open face to face) or to become confluent at their ends, thus form ing crooked lines (whence the name, from Kanwrbs, flexible, and <rw/>6s, for fruit tint).

1. C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Fronds evergreen, subcoriaceous, growing in tufts, spreading or procumbent (1-3 dm. long), gradually narrowed from a cordate or auricled base to a long and slender acumination, which often roots at the end and forms a new plant. — Shaded, especially calcareous rocks; centr. Me. to Ottawa, thence to Minn., and southw. to Kan. and Ga. — The auricles are sometimes greatly elongated, and even rooting ; in another form they are lacking.

13. POLYSTICHUM Roth

Fronds tufted at the end of a stout rootstock, chiefly of firm or leathery texture, evergreen ; stipes and rhachises chaffy. Sori orbicular, opening on all sides of the circular peltate centrally attached indusium. (Name from TroXtf-, many, and ffrlxos, row, the sori of some species being in many ranks.)

* Fronds narrowly oblong or lanceolate, simply pinnate, the pinnae sometimes

again cleft.

••- Upper (spore-bearing') pinnae of the fertile fronds much contracted.

1. P. acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. (CIIRIST.M \- FI:I;\.) Fronds •_»-"• dm. r. the scaly stipe, 5-15 cm. in length; phuHtc li»<'<tr-I(ni<'c<>l<if<'. lni(f-hnU>rr<l- at the slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth ; the smaller upper pinnae bearing two rows of sori, which in age becoming continent cover their entire lower surface. (A^n'iHum S\v.) — Common in rocky woods. Yar. S< mvKiMTzii (Beck) Small (Aspidium m-matichnitlc^ var. iw'isnm Gray) is a variable form with larger fronds, toothed or pinnatifM pinnae, the fertile less reduced and the sori less confluent, chiefly near the tips of the pinnae. — Not rare.

•«- •*- Upper (spore-bear in<j) pinnae aiinilitr t« tin- ntln r*. '1. P. Lonchitis (L.) Roth. (Ilou.v FI:I:N. ) Fronds lim-ar-lanceolate, very

POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY)

41

A. simulat

A. noveboracense.

4. A. fragrans.

short-stalked, rigid (1-6 dm. long) ; pinnae broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, acute, the lowest short-triangular, strongly auricled on the upper side, spinulose- dentate ; sori biseriate, at length subconfluent. (Aspiditim Sw.) — Rocky (calca- reous) woods, Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and from Niagara Falls, Ont., to L. Superior, westw. and north w. (Eu.)

* * Fronds bipinnate.

3. P. Braunii (Spenner) Fe"e. Fronds ovate- or oblong-lanceolate (4-9 dm. long) tapering to a very short-stiped base ; pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse, truncate and almost rectangular at base, short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with long and soft as well as chaffy hairs. (Aspidium aculeatum, var. Doll.) — Rich, mostly upland woods, Nfd. to N. Y., and L. Superior. (Eu.)

14. ASPIDIUM Sw. SHIELD FERN. WOOD FERN

Fronds tufted, 1-3-pinnate ; veins simple or branched. Sori orbicular, borne on the back of the scarcely modified fertile frond. Indusium reriiform or, if orbicular, exhibiting a distinct narrow depression or sinus at one side, although centrally attached. Stipes not articulated at the base. (Name from da-iridiov, a small shield, from the shape of the indusium.) NEPHRODIUM Rich.

a. Veins simple or once forked ; fronds not evergreen ; stipes and slender

rootstocks nearly naked. Lowest pinnae scarcely smaller than the middle ones.

Fertile veins once forked 1. A. Thelypteris.

Fertile veins simple

Lower pinnae gradually decreasing in size, the lowest very small . a. Veins, at least the lowest, more than once forked ; fronds mostly ever- green ; stipes and rootstocks scaly b.

6. Pinnae 40-60, small, 4-S mm. broad

&. Pinnae fewer, 12-90 mm. broad c.

c. Frond bipinnatifid or bipinnate (or sub-tripinnatifid near the base).

Sori marginal

Sori not marginal.

Basal scales lance-linear, caudate-attenuate . . . 6. A

Basal scales ovate-oblong to deltoid. Basal scales firm, shining, dark chestnut-colored . 7. A. Goldianum.

Basal scales thin, dull, membranous, light brown. Indusium gland ular-puberulent. Lobes of frond with incurved teeth; sori 1.5-1.8 mm.

in diameter .... (9) A. crintatum, var. Clintonianum. Lobes with spreading teeth ; sori 1-1.2 mm. in diameter. 8. A. Boottii. Indusium glabrous.

Frond conspicuously narrowed at the base . . 9. A. cristalum.

Frond scarcely or not at all narrowed at the base. Lobes incurved serrate . . . .(9) A. cristatum, var. Clintonianum.

Lobes spinulose-dentate 10. A. spinuloaum.

c. Fronds tripinnate or tripinnatifid d. d. Fronds tripinnatifid.

Basal scales large, lance-oblong, dark brown Basal scales small, deltoid-ovate, light brown.

Indusium glandless (10) A. spinulosum.

Indusium glandular-puberulent . . (10) A. spinulosum, var. intermedium. d. Fronds tripinnate (10) A. spinolusum, var. concordianum.

1. A. Thelypteris (L.) Sw. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline; pinnae horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid ; lobes oblong, entire, obtuse or appearing acute when in fruit from the strongly revo- lute margins; veins forked, bearing the (numerous and soon confluent) fruit dots near their middle ; indusium minute, smooth and naked. (Nephrodium Strempel; Dryopteris Gray.) — Marshes ; common. Aug. (Cosmop.) Forma PUFFERAE (A. A. Eaton) Robinson is a form with pinnae variously forked at the tip.

2. A. simulatum Davenp. In habit similar to the preceding; veins simple; fruit dots few (3-10 on each lobe) ; indusium glandular-ciliolate. (Dryopteris Davenp.) —Boggy woods, etc., Me. to Vt. and Md. ; reported from Mo. '

3. A. noveborac§nse (L.) Sw. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline, taper- ing both ways from the middle ; pinnae lanceolate, the lowest 2 or more pairs

5. A.

marginale. Filix-m as.

(10) A. spinulosum, var. dilatatum.

42 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY)

gradually shorter and deflexed ; lobes flat, oblong, basal ones often enlarged and incised ; veins simple, or forked in the basal lobes ; fruit dots distinct, near the margin ; indusium minute, the margin glanduliferous. (Dryopteris Gray.)

— Rich woods ; common. July. — Frond pale green, delicate and rnembrana- ceous, hairy beneath along the midribs and veins.

4. A. fragrans (L.) Sw. Fronds (1-3.5 dm. high) glandular and aromatic, narrowly lanceolate, with linear-oblong pinnately-parted pinnae ; their crowded divisions (2-4 mm. long) oblong, obtuse, toothed or almost entire, nearly covered beneath with the very large thin imbricated indusia, which are orbicu- lar with a narrow sinus, the margin sparingly glanduliferous and often ragged. (Nephrodium Richards. ; Dryopteris Schott.) — Chiefly on limestone cliffs, N. B., and n. N. E. to Minn., Alaska, and Greenl. (Caucasus, Asia.)

5. A. marginale (L.) Sw. Frond evergreen, smooth, thickish and almost coriaceous, ovate-oblong in outline (3-7 dm. long) ; pinnae lanceolate, acumi- nate, slightly broadest above the base ; pinnules oblong or oblong-scythe-shaped, crowded, obtuse or pointed, entire or crenate ; fruit dots close to the margin. (Nephrodium Michx. ; Dryopteris Gray.) — Rocky hillsides in rich woods; common, especially northw. Aug. Var. ELKGANS J. Robinson is a form with large fronds (2-2.5 dm. broad) which have the pinnules or most of them toothed or lobed.

6. A. Filix-mas (L.) Sw. Frond lanceolate (3-11 dm. long) ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, tapering from base to apex ; pinnules oblong, very obtuse, serrate at the apex and obscurely so at the sides, the basal incisely lobed, dis- tinct, the upper confluent ; fruit dots nearer the midvein than the margin, usually confined to the lower half of each fertile pinnule. (Dryopteris Schott.)

— Rocky woods, Nfd., N. S., n. Vt., L. Huron, L. Superior, Dak., Ariz., and northw. (Cosmop.)

7. A. Goldianum Hook. Frond broadly ovate, or the fertile ovate-oblong (6-10 dm. long) ; pinnae (1.5-2.3 dm. long) oblong-lanceolate, broadest in the middle, pinnately parted ; the divisions (about 20 pairs) oblong-linear, slightly scythe-shaped (2-3 cm. long), serrate with appressed teeth ; veins pin- nately forking and bearing the fruit dots very near the midvein ; indusium very large, orbicular, with a deep narrow sinus, smooth and without marginal glands. (Nephrodium Hook. & Grev. ; Dryopteris Gray.) — Rich woods, centr. Me. to Minn., la., and N. Car.

Var. c6lsum (Palmer) Robinson. Fronds more narrowly ovate-oblong, slightly firmer, the lowest pinnae on rather long stalks ; pinnules subremote. (Dryopteris Goldieana, subsp. Palmer.) — On cypress knees and decaying logs, Dismal Swamp, Va. (Palmer}.

8. A. Bo6ttii Tuckerm. Scales of the stipe pale-brown ; fronds (4-6.5 dm. long) elongated-lanceolate in outline, somewhat narrowed at base ; lowest pin- nae triangular-ovate, the upper longer and narrower; pinnules oblong-ovate, sharply spinulose-serrate or the lower pinnatifid ; indusium minutely glandular. (Nephrodium Davenp. ; Dryopteris Underw.) — Low wet thickets, etc. — Many differing forms have been referred to this species. Plants corresponding to the original material have been seen only from N. H., e. Mass., Ct., and e. Pa. They are suspiciously intermediate between A. cristatum and A. spinulosnm, var. intermedium.

9. A. cristtam (L.) Sw. Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline (3-6 dm. long) ; pinnae (5-8 cm. long) triangular-oblong, or the lowest nearly tri- angular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute, deeply pinnatifid ; the divisions (6-10 pairs) oblong, very obtuse, finely serrate or cut-toothed, the lowest pinnatifid-lobed ; fruit dots as near the midv< in ax tin1 nun-gin ; indusium round-reniform, the sinus mostly shallow, smooth and naked, (Nephrodittm Midix. ; Dryopteris Gray. ) — Swamps, etc. ; common. July. — Stipes and the stout creeping rpotstock bearing broad and deciduous chaffy scales. (En.)

Var. Clintonianum 1). C. Eaton. rr»n<l in r/v/-// way much larger (4-1:5 dm. loiiLT) ; jn'nnae oblong-lanceolate, brt><'<Ir*t «t base (8-15 cm. lonir, !'-;"> cm. broad), deeply pinnatifid ; the division* (8-16 yw/r.v) crowded or distant, linear-oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrate or cut-toothed, the basal sometimes pinnately lobed ;

POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 43

veins pinnately forking, the lowest anterior veinlets bearing the fruit dots near the midvein ; indusium orbicular with a shallow sinus, smooth and naked. (Dryopteris cristata, var. Underw.) — Swampy woods, N. H. to N. C., and westw. to Wise. July. — Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy (like the stipes) with large bright-brown scales. Appears to hybridize with A. marginale, as does also the typical form of the species.

10. A. spinul&sum (O. F. Miiller) Sw. Stipes with a few pale-brown deciduous scales; frond ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinnae oblique to the rhachis, elongated-triangular, the lower pairs broadly triangular ; pinnules set obliquely on the midribs, connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, acute, incisely serrate or pinnatifid with spinulose-toothed lobes ; indusium smooth and without mar- ginal glands. (Nephrodium Strempel ; Dryopteris Kuntze.) — Rich woods, Nfd. to Va., Ky., and north westw. (Greenl., Eu.) A. PITTSFORDENSE (Slos- son) Eastman, a supposed hybrid with A. marginale, occurs in Vt. and on Staten I., N. Y.

Var. intermddium (Muhl.) D. C. Eaton. Scales of the stipe few, brown with a darker center; frond broadly oblong-ovate, tripinnatifid ; pinnae spreading, oblong-lanceolate, the lower unequally triangular-ovate ; pinnules crowded, ovate-oblong, spreading, pinnately cleft; the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at the apex ; margin of the indusium denticulate and beset with minute stalked glands. (Nephr odium spinulosum, var. Davenp. ; Dryopteris spinulosa, var. Underw.) — Woods, common.

Var. dilatatum (Hoffm.) Hook. Scales of the stipe large, brown with a dark center ; frond broader, ovate or triangular-ovate in outline, tripinnatifid ; pin- nules lance-oblong, the lowest often much elongated ; indusium glandular- ciliolate. (Nephrodium spinulosum, var. fructuosum Gilbert). — N. S. to Va., and N. Y. (Eu.) Forma ANADENIUM Robinson is in all respects like var. dila- tatum, but with the indusium destitute of glands (the var. dilatatum of Am. auth. chiefly, not Hook.) — Common, chiefly in rocky upland woods. (Asia.)

Var. concordianum (Davenp.) Eastman. Fronds tripinnate; pinnules (of the 3d order) small (4 mm. long), elliptical, spinulose-denticulate ; indusium glandular-puberulent. — Concord, Mass. (Purdie).

15. CYST6PTERIS Bernh. BLADDER FERN

Fruit dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins ; the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by abroad base on the inner side (toward the midrib) partly under the fruit dot, early opening free at the other ~side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged, soon thrown back or withering away. — Delicate ferns with 2-3-pinnate fronds ; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of K^TTIS, a bladder, and TTT^IS, fern, from the inflated indusium.)

1. C. bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Frond lanceolate, elongated, attenuate (3^6 dm. long), 2-pinnate ; the pinnae lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal; the rhachis and pinnae often bearing bulblets underneath, wingless; pinnules crowded, oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium short, truncate on the free side. (Filix Underw.) — Shaded ravines, chiefly on calcareous rocks. July.

2. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. Frond oblong-lanceolate (1-3 dm. long, besides the brittle stalk which is fully as long), 2-3-pinnate; the pinnae and pinnules ovate or lanceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute, decurrent on the margined or winged rhachis; indusium tapering or acute at the free end. (Filix Underw.) — Shaded cliffs, rocky woods, etc.; common and varying greatly in the shape and cutting of the pinnules. July. (Cosmop.)

16. W06DSIA R. Br.

Fruit dots round, borne on the back of simply forked free veins ; the very thin and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the receptacle, under the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bursting at the top into

44 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY)

irregular pieces or lobes. — Small and tufted pinnately divided ferns. (Dedi- cated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist.)

* Stalks obscurely articulated some distance from the base ; fronds chaffy or smooth, never glandular ; indusium divided nearly to the center into slender hairs which are curled over the sporangia.

1. W. ilvSnsis (L.) R. Br. Frond oblong-lanceolate (5-15 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide), smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stalk with rusty bristle-like chaff, pinnate ; the pinnae crowded, oblong, obtuse, sessile, pinnately parted, the numerous crowded segments oblong, obtuse, obscurely crenate ; the fruit dots near the margin, somewhat confluent when old. — Exposed rocks ; arctic Am., s. to N. E., the Great L. region, and in the mts. to N. C. June. (Eurasia.)

2. W. alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray. Frond narrowly oblong-lanceolate (4-13 cm. long, 6-34 mm. wide), smooth above, sparingly paleaceous-hirsute beneath, pinnate ; the pinnae triangular-ovate, obtuse, pinnately lobed, the lobes few and nearly entire; fruit dots rarely confluent. (W. hyperborea R. Br.) — N. B., Que., n. Vt., n. N. Y., Ont., and northw. ; rare. (Eurasia.)

3. W. glabSlla R. Br. Smooth and naked throughout; frond linear and very delicate (4-16 cm. high), pinnate ; pinnae roundish-ovate, the lower ones rather remote (3-9 mm. long), obtuse, crenately lobed ; fruit dots scanty ; the hairs of the indusium fewer than in the last two species. — On moist mossy rocks, Nfd. to n. N. E., N. Y., Minn., and northw. to Alaska and Greenl. (Eurasia.)

* * Stalks not articulated ; fronds never chaffy, often glandular-pubescent. t- Indusium of a few broad segments, at first covering the sorus completely.

4. W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Frond broadly lanceolate, minutely glan- dular-hairy (2-5 dm. high), pinnate or nearly bipinnate ; pinnae rather remote, triangular-ovate or oblong (2-6 cm. long), bluntish, pinnately parted : segments oblong, obtuse, crenately toothed, the lower pinnatifid with toothed lobes ; veins forked, and bearing the fruit dots on or below the minutely toothed lobes ; indu- sium at length splitting into several spreading jagged lobes. — Rocky banks and cliffs, " N. S.," and centr. Me. to Ga., and westw. Var. ANGIJSTA Peck is a form with very narrow fronds (35 cm. long and 4 cm. wide) and pinnae. — High- lands, N.Y.

-«- •«- Indusium entirely concealed beneath the sorus, divided into very narrow segments or reduced to minute hairs.

5. W. oregana D. C. Eaton. Glabrous ; fronds bright green , soft in texture, narrowly lance-oblong (12-23 mm. wide), bipinnatifid, pinnae triangular-oblong, obtuse ; the segments oblong or ovate, obtuse, crenate-serrulate, the teeth or margin nearly always reflexed. — Limestone cliffs and ledges, Bic, Que. ; s. shore of L. Superior (Robbins), northw. and westw.

6. W. Cathcartiana Robinson. Finely glandular-puberulent ; fronds (2-3 dm. high) rather dull green, of firm texture, lanceolate (25-55 mm. broad), bipinnatifid ; pinnae oblong, the lower distant ; segments usually separated by wide sinuses, oblong, denticulate. (W. scopulina Man. ed. 6, not D. C. Eaton.) — Rocky river banks, w. Mich. (\Vheeler}, and n.e. Minn. (Miss Ellen Cat heart.)

7. W. scopulina D. C. Eaton. Loosely hispidulous with minute white hairs, and finely glandular-puberulent; segments approximate, crenate-serrulate.— Limestone cliffs; Gaspe" Co., Que. ; S. Dak.; Rocky Mts., etc. ; reported from Minn, and n.w. la.

17. DICKS6NIA L'He'r.

Fruit dots small, globular, marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein or fork ; the sporangia borne on an elevated globular receptacle, inclosed in a membranaceous cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top, and on the outer si.lc partly adherent to a reflexod toothlet of the frond. (Named for Jame:; Dickson, an English cryptogamic botanist.)

SCHIZAEACEAE (CURLY GRASS FAMILY) 45

1. D. puncti!6bula (Michx.) Gray. (HAY-SCENTED FERN.) Fronds minutely -glandular and hairy (5-10 dm. high), ovate-lanceolate and acuminate in outline, pale green, very thin, with strong chaffless stalks rising from slender extensively creeping naked rootstocks, mostly bipinnate ; primary pinnae lanceolate, pointed, the secondary pinnatifid into oblong and obtuse cut-toothed lobes ; fruit dots minute, each on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. (D. pilosiuscula Willd.; Dennstaedtia punctilobula Moore.) — Common in moist and shady places, N.S. to Ala., rarer westw. to Minn. — Frond sweet- scented especially in drying. Forma CRISTATA (Maxon) Clute has the pinnae cristate-forked at tip. — Mass, and Vt. Forma SCHIZOPHYLLA Clute has fronds often more deeply forked and the ultimate segments incised. — Mass, and Ct.

18. ONOCLEA L.

Sporangia borne on elevated receptacles, forming roundish sori imperfectly covered by very delicate hood-shaped indusia- attached to the base of the re- ceptacles. Fertile fronds erect, rigid, with contracted pod-like or berry-like divisions at first completely concealing the sporangia, and at last, when dry and indurated, cracking open and allowing the spores to escape. Sterile fronds foliaceous. Rootstocks creeping and constantly forming new plants. (Name employed by Dioscorides for some probably boraginaceous plant.)

§ 1. EUONOCLEA Hook. Fertile fronds bipinnate.

1. 0. sensibilis L. (SENSITIVE FERN.) Fronds scattered ; the sterile ones long-stalked, the lamina 1-3 dm. long, deltoid-ovate, pinnatifid into a few oblong-lanceolate sinuately lobed or nearly entire segments ; veins reticulated with fine meshes ; fertile fronds contracted, closely bipinnate, the pinnules rolled up into berry-like bodies. — Moist meadows and thickets, very common. (E. Asia.) Sports are frequent, especially bipinnatifid foliaceous fronds with rounded lobes, free veins, and sometimes abortive sori, — the so-called var. OBTUSILOBATA (Schkuhr) Torr.

Jj 2. STRUTHI6PTERIS Mett. Fertile fronds pinnate.

2. 0. Struthi6pteris (L.) Hoffm. (OSTRICH FERN.) Fronds growing in a crown ; sterile ones short-stalked (6-30 dm. high), broadly lanceolate, narrowed toward the base, with many linear-lanceolate pinnatifid pinnae ; veins free, the veinlets simple; fertile frond shorter, with pod-like or somewhat necklace- shaped pinnae. (Matteuccia Todaro.) — Alluvial soil, Nfd. to Va., and north- westw. July. — The rootstock sends out slender underground stolons, which bear fronds the next year. (Eurasia.)

SCHIZAEACEAE (CURLY GRASS FAMILY)

Sterile fronds tufted and linear-filiform (Schizaea) or resembling a twining aerial stem with alternate paired palmately lobed leaves (Lygodium}. Sporangia borne in double rows on narrow fertile segments, ovate, sessile, having a com- plete transverse ring at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal slit.

1. Schizaea. Sterile fronds rigid, simple or dichotomously branched. Plant dwarf, not

climbing.

2. Lygodium. Fronds with paired alternate stipitate leaf-like segments.

1. SCHIZAEA Sm. CURLY GRASS

Sporangia large, ovoid, striate-rayed at the apex, opening by a longitudinal cleft, naked, vertically sessile in a double row along the single vein of the nar- row divisions of the pinnate (or radiate) fertile appendages to the slender and

46 OSMUNDACEAE (FLOWERING FERN FAMILY)

simply linear, or (in foreign species) fan-shaped or dichotomously many-cleft fronds (whence the name, from <TX^<«>, to split}.

1. S. pusilla Pursh. Sterile fronds linear, very slender, flattened and tortuous; the fertile ones equally slender (0.5 mm. wide), but taller (5-12 cm.) and bearing at the top the fertile appendage consisting of about 5 pairs of crowded pinnae (each 2-3 mm. long). — Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J. ; N. S. ; very local. Sept. (Nfd.)

2. LYG6DIUM Sw. CLIMBING FERN

Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed (or com- pound) divisions in pairs, with mostly free veins ; the fructification on separate contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of which is covered with a double row of imbricated hooded scale-like indusia, fixed by a broad base to short oblique veinlets. Sporangia much as in Schizaea, but oblique, fixed to the veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each indusium. (Name from \vywdrjs, flexible.)

1. L. palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. Very smooth ; stalk-like fronds slender, flexile and twining (3-10 dm. long), from slender running rootstocks; the short alternate branches or petioles 2-forked ; each fork bearing a round-heart- shaped palmately 4-7 -lobed frondlet ; fertile frondlets above, contracted and several times forked, forming a terminal panicle. — Low moist thickets and open woods, s. N. H. to Fla., Tenn., and Ky. ; local. Sept.

OSMUNDACEAE (FLOWERING FERN FAMILY)

Leafy plants (ours herbaceous), with creeping rhizomes. Sporangia naked, globose, mostly pediceled, reticulated, with no ring or with mere traces of one near - the apex, opening into two valves by a longitudinal slit. Stipes winged at the base.

1. OSMUND A [Tourn.] L. FLOWERING FERN

Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond destitute of chlorophyll, very much contracted, and bearing on the margins of the narrow rhachis-like divisions short-pediceled and naked sporangia ; these globular, thin and reticu- lated, large, opening by a longitudinal cleft into two valves, and bearing near the apex a small patch of thickened oblong cells, the rudiment of a trans- verse ring. — Fronds tall and upright, growing in large crowns from thickened rootstocks, once or twice pinnate ; veins forking and free. Spores green. (Osmunder, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity, Thor.)

* Sterile fronds truly bipinnate.

1. 0. regalis L. (FLOWERING FERN.) Very smooth, pale green (0.3-1.6 m. * • -/'high) ; sterile pinnules 13-25, varying from oblong-oval to lance-oblong, finely

serrulate, especially toward the apex, otherwise entire, or crenately lobed toward the rounded, oblique and truncate, or even cordate and semi-auriculate base, sessile or short-stalked (2-5 cm. long) ; the fertile racemose-pan icled at the summit of the frond. (O. spectabilis Willd.) — Swamps and wet woods, common. The cordate pinnules sometimes found here are commoner in Europe. May, June. (Eu.) Forma ORBICUL\TA Clute has narrow fronds and few (3-7) roundish crowded pinnules on each pinna. — Hartland, Vt. (Kmjylrs). * * Mcrili-frnmls once pinnate ; pinnae deeply jiinntttijhl ; tin- Inbi-s < ntirc.

2. 0. Claytoniana L. Clothed with loose wool when young, soon smooth ; fertile frondf taller than the .sV/r/Vr («»-l-j dm. high) ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, with oblong obtuse divisions ; KI,,,U- (•_>-:>/>,///•>•! „////,• middle pinnae fertile, these entirely pinnate ; sporangia greenish, turning brown. — Low grounds, common. May. — Fruiting as it unfolds. (Himalayas.) Var. D&BIA Grout is a peculiar

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY) 47

form with the pinnules of the sterile frond widely separated, the outer ones enlarged and pinnatifid, in s. Vt. (Grout).

3. 0. cinnambmea L. (CINNAMON FERN.) Clothed with rusty wool when young ; sterile fronds tallest (at length 0.8-1.6 m. high), smooth when full grown, the lanceolate pinnae pinnatifid into broadly oblong obtuse divisions ; fertile fronds separate, appearing earlier from the same rootstock and soon withering (2-9 dm. high), contracted, twice pinnate, covered with the cinna- mon-colored sporangia. — Swamps and low copses, common. (Eurasia.) Var. FROND6SA Gray is an occasional state in which some of the fronds are sterile below and more sparsely fertile at their summit, or rarely in the middle. Var. INCISA J. W. Huntington is a form with the inner pinnules of some of the pinnae more or less cut or pinnatifid.

Var. glandulbsa Waters. Rhachis and lower surface of the sterile frond permanently glandular-pubescent. — R. I., N. J., and Md.

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY)

Leafy and often someiohat fleshy plants; the leaves (fronds') simple or branched, often fern-like in appearance, erect in vernation, developed from under- ground buds formed either inside the base of the old stalk or by the side of it, and bearing in special spikes or panicles rather large subcoriaceous bivalvular spo- rangia formed from the main tissue of the fruiting branches. Prothallus under- ground, not green, monoecious. — A small family, separated from Ferns on account of the different nature of the sporangia, the erect vernation, etc.

1. Ophioglossum. Sporangia cohering in a simple spike. Veins reticulated.

2. Botrychium. Sporangia in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Veins free.

1. OPHIOGL6SSUM [Tourn.] L. ADDER'S TONGUE

Rootstock erect, fleshy and sometimes tuberous, with slender fleshy roots which are sometimes proliferous; bud placed by the side of the base of the naked stalk ; fronds with anterior and posterior segments as in Botrychium, but the cmiaceous sporangia connate and coherent in two ranks on the edges of a simple spike. Sterile segment fleshy, simple in our species; the veins reticulated. Spores copious, sulphur-yellow. (Name from 6<f>ts, a serpent, and y\&<r<ra, tongue.)

1. 0. yulgatum L. Fronds from a slender rootstock, 5-42 cm. high, mostly solitary ; sterile segment sessile near the middle of the plant, ovate or elliptic-oblong (5-9 cm. long), rounded or obtuse at the apex; midvein indis- tinct or none ; principal veins forming a loose network, the meshes nearly free from secondary veins. — Meadows and pastures, rarely on dry slopes; not common. June- Aug. (Eurasia.)

Var. minus Moore. Smaller; fronds often in pairs, the sterile segment slightly fleshy, yellowish-green, attached usually much below the middle of the plant. (0. Grayi Beck, ace. to Moore ; O. polyphyllum A. Br. ; 0. arenarium E. G. Britton.) —Sandy ground, N. H. to w. N. Y. and N. J. (Eu., n. Air.)

2. 0. Engelmanni Prantl. Habit of the preceding species ; sterile segment thicker, cuspidate ; secondary veins numerous, forming a fine but readily dis- cernible network within the meshes of the principal ones. — " Va." ; Mo. (Bush), Tex., and Cal.

2. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. MOONWORT

Rootstock very short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots ; the base of the sheathed stalk containing the bud for the next year's frond ; frond with an anterior fertile and a posterior sterile segment ; the former mostly 1-3-pinnate, the contracted divisions bearing a double row of sessile naked sporangia ; these

48 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (ADDElfs T<>N<Jl'E FAMILY)

distinct, rather coriaceous, not reticulated, globular, without a ring, and open- ing transversely into two valves. Sterile segment of the frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound ; veins all free. Spores copious, sulphur-color. (Name a diminutive of /36rpus, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance of the fructification.)

§ 1. EUBOTRYCHIUM Milde. Base of the stalk (containing tie bud} c<nnpl, •!<•!, j closed; sterile segment more or less fleshy ; the cells of the epidermis straight.

* Sterile segment sessile or on a short petiole (less than 1 cm. long}.

1. B. Lunaria (L.) Sw. Very fleshy (8-18 cm. high) ; sterile segment nub- sessile, borne near the middle of the plant, oblong, simp/;/ pinnate with 5-15 lunate or fan-shaped very obtuse crenate, incised, or nearly entire, fleshy divisions, more or less excised at the base on the lower or on both sides, the veins radiating from the base and >v,/^//<-w/,/ forking; fertile segment panicled, 2-3-pinnate. — Open places, e. Que. to Vt., n. O., L. Superior, and north w. ; rare. (Widely distr.) FIG. 1. Also on wooded cliffs near Syracuse, N. Y., where tending to a more slender form with decidedly stipitate sterile segment and subremote more narrowly cuneate pinnae (B. onondagense Underw.).

2. B. simplex E. Hitchcock. Fronds small (5-10 or rarely 25 cm. high) ; ste.rile segment short-petioled from near base, middle, or sum- mit of the stalk, thickish, simple, and roundish, or pinnately 3-7-lobed ; the lobes roundish- obovate, nearly entire, decurrent on the broad and flat indeterminate rhachis, the terminal one usually emarginate ; the veins all forking from the base; fertile segment simple or 1-2- pinnate. (B. tenebrosum A. A. Eaton.) — N. S. to Md., Ont., Minn., and Rocky Mts. ; rare. (Eu.) FIG. 2. Var. COMPOSITCM Lasch. Sterile segment binate or ternate ; the divisions pin-

natifid. — Occurring with and clearly passing into the typical form.

3. B. lanceolatum. (Gmel.) Angstroem, var. angus- tisegmSntum Pease & Moore. Fronds small (1-2.5 « dm. high) ; the sterile segment closely sessile at the ^ top of the long and slender stalk, scarcely fleshy,

triangular, ternately twice pinnatifld ; the acute lobes lanceolate, incised or toothed; veinlets forking from a continuous midvein; fertile part 2-3-pinnate. — N. S. to N. J., O., and L. Superior. July, Aug. FIG. 3. The typical European form has the segments of the sterile frond broader and more approximate.

4. B. rambsum (Roth) Aschers. Fronds small (1-2.5 dm. high) ; the sterile segment ii<-arlij sessile at the top of the long and slender common */<///-, moderately fleshy, ovate or triangular, varying from pinnate to bipinnatiiid ; the luht-x ollnng-orate and obtuse; midrein dixsi/>at,-d into forking veinlets ; fertile part 2-:-5-pinn:it.c. (B. ma- tricariaefolium A. Br. ; B. net//<r//rni Wood.) — Rich soil, e. Que. to Md., and westw. June, July. (Eurasia.) Fie. 4.

* * Tfie sterile segment on a long petiole (2-16 cm. in length}.

5. B. obliquum Muhl. Subcoriaceous (1-4 dm. high), sparsely hairy or glabrous ; sterile segment long -petioled. springing from near the base of the plant, broadly triangular or somewhat pen-

B. simplex, x %.

1. !'.. Lunaria.

MARSILEACEAE

49

5. B. obliquum and vars.

tagonal, ternate and variously decompound with stalked divisions, these ovate- oblong, acutish, usually two or three times as long as broad, crenate-serrulate, obliquely cordate or subcordate ; fertile seg- ment erect, 2-4-pinnate. (B. ternatum, var. obliquum Milde.) — Pastures and open woods, N. B. to Ont., Minn., and south w. FIG. 5, a. Polymorphous. The chief forms are : Var. ONEIDENSE (Gilbert) Waters. FIG. 5, 6. Ulti- mate divisions broadly oblong, rounded at the apex, crenulate-serrulate. — Vt. (Miss Gilman) to centr. N. Y. (Gilbert, Haberer~), etc. Var. TENUIFC>LIUM (Underw.) Gilbert. Divisions few, usually 9, thin ; otherwise much like the typical form. — N. Y. (ace. to Gilbert}; Mo. (Bush), and south w. to the Gulf. Var. ELON- GATUM Gilbert & llaberer. FIG. 5, c. Divisions lanceolate, elongated, acute. — Mass, to centr. N. Y. and D. C. Var. DISSECTUM (Spreng.) Clute. FIG. 5, d. Divisions incisely many- toothed. — Often with the typical form in N. E., N. Y., andO.

6. B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw., var. intermedium D. C. Eaton. Stout, decidedly fleshy, loosely pubescent to subglabrous, 1.5-4 dm. high ; habit and

fertile segment as in the preceding ; sterile segment becoming large (sometimes 2 dm. broad), its ultimate divisions numer- ous, ovate or obovate, commonly subcuneate or semicordate at the base, crenulate and more or less lobed, usually obtuse or rounded at the apex. (Including var. australe D. C. , Eaton, as to Am. plant.) — Sandy soil, pastures and open

'• ; ' - woods, common, N. E., N. Y., and (?) n. Mich. FIG. 6.

\\x^ ^Passing insensibly into var. RUTAEFOLIUM (A. Br.) D. C. *"~ Eaton. More slender, rarely over 1.7 dm. high; sterile segment commonly about 5 cm. broad, its divisions few, broadly ovate, the lowest sublimate. (B. Matricariae Spreng. ; B. rutaceum Sw.) — Nfd. to s. N. H., and n. Mich. (Eurasia.)

§ 2. OSMUNDOPTERIS Milde. Base of the stalk (contain- ing the bud) open along one side ; sterile segment mem- branaceous • the cells of the epidermis flexuous.

7. B. virginianum (L.) Sw. (RATTLESNAKE FERN.) Fronds 3-6 dm. tall, >iple ; sterile segment sessile above the middle of the plant, broadly triangular,

thin and membranaceous, ternate; the short-stalked primary divisions once or twice pinnate, and then once or twice pinnatifid ; the oblong lobes cut-toothed toward the apex ; veins forking from a midvein ; fertile part 2-3-pinnate. Rich woods, common. Ju

filifc spon

rime, July. (Widely distr.)

MARSILEACEAE

Perennial plants rooted in mud, having a slender creeping rhizome and either liform or ^-parted long-petioled leaves ; the somewhat crustaceans several-celled rocarps borne on peduncles ivhich rise from the rhizome near the leaf-stalks, or are more or less consolidated with the latter, and contain both macrospores and microspores.

1. MARSILEA L.

Submersed or emersed aquatic plants. Leaves 4-foliolate. Sporocarps with 2 teeth near the base, 2-celled vertically, with many transverse partitions, splitting into 2 valves at maturity, and emitting an elastic cord or band of tissue, which GRAY'S MANUAL, — 4

50 SALV1NIACEAE

carries the sporangia on a series of short branches or lobes. (Named for Aloyxius Mdrsili, an early Italian naturalist.)

1. M. quadrifolia L. Leailets broadly obovate-cuneate, glabrous ; sporo- carps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petiole*, pediceled, glabrous or somewhat hairy, the' basal teeth small, obtuse, or the upper one acute. — In water, the leaflets commonly floating on the surface ; frequently cultivated and now somewhat extensively introduced from material taken chiefly from Bantam Lake, Litchtield, Ct., where perhaps casually intro- duced from Eu.

2. M. vestita Hook. & Grev. Leaflets broadly cuneate, usually hairy, entire (5-15 mm. long and broad) ; petioles 2-11 cm. long ; peduncles free from the petiole, very short ; sporocarps solitary, hairy when young (about 4 mm. long), with upper basal tooth longest, acute, straight or curved, lower tooth acute, the sinus between them rounded. — In swamps which become dry in summer ; la. and southwestw.

SALVINIACEAE

Floating plants of small size, having a more or less elongated and sometimes branching axis, bearing apparently distichous leaves ; sporocarps (son') very soft and thin-walled, two or more on a common stalk, one-celled and having a central, often branched receptacle which bears either macrosporangia containing solitary macrospores, or microsporangia with numerous microspores. — A small and interesting family of plants without close affinity to other groups.

1. AZ6LLA Lam.

Small moss-like plants, the stems pinnately branched, covered with minute 2-lobed imbricated leaves, and emitting rootlets on the under side. Sporocarps in pairs beneath the stem ; the smaller ones acorn-shaped, containing at the base a single macrospore with a few attached bodies of doubtful function above it ; the larger ones globose, and having a basal placenta which bears many pedicellate microsporangia which contain masses of microspores. (Name not satisfactorily explained.)

1. A. caroliniana Willd. Plants somewhat deltoid in outline (6-25 mm. broad), much branched ; leaves with ovate lobes, the lower lobe reddish, the upper one green with a reddish border; macrospore with three attendant corpuscles, its surface minutely granulate ; masses of microspores glochidiate. — Floating on quiet waters, from L. Ontario westw. and southw. — Appearing like a reddish hepatic moss.

2. SALViNIA [Mich.] Adans.

Leaves apparently 2-ranked, horizontally floating or subaerial, a third series of foliar structures developed ventrally on the stem taking the form of fascicles of root-like fibers. Sporangia subsessile, clustered, depressed-globose, longitu- dinally sulcate, formed from the tips of short basal divisions of the filiform ven- tral leaves. Sori basal within the fruit, the macrosporangia subsessile, the microsporangia (in separate fruits) borne on filiform pedicels. (Named for Prof. Antonio Maria Salvini of Florence, 1633-1729.)

1. S. natans (L.) All. Foliage-leaves suborbicular-oblong, thickish, mostly 10-15 mm. long, hairy or papillose on both sides, the lower surface commonly brownish or purplish. — Marshes and ponds, Minn, and Mo. — Long ago re- ported by Pursh as "floating, like Lemna, on the surface of stagnant waters: in several of the small lakes in the western parts of New York," but not detected in this region by recent botanists. (Eurasia.)

EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) 51

EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) (REVISED BY A. A. EATON.)

Rush-like, often branching plants, with jointed and mostly hollow stems from running rootstocks, having sheaths at the joints, and, when fertile, terminated by the conical or spike-like fructification composed of shield-shaped stalked scales bearing the spore-cases beneath. — A single genus.

1. EQUISETUM [Tourn.] L. HORSETAIL

Rootstocks perennial, jointed, branched, wide-creeping, dull and blackish, felted or naked, often tuber-bearing, the nodes provided with toothed, often felted sheaths ; roots in verticils from the nodes, annual, felted. Stems usually erect, simple or branched, cylindrical, jointed, the surface regularly striated, overlaid with teeth, dots, bands, rosettes, or a smooth coat of silex; the stomata in the grooves in regular rows or broad bands ; the internodes (except in E. scir- poides} bearing a large central air-cavity (centrum), a medium sized one (vallecu- lar) under each groove, with which the stomata connect, and a smaller one (carinal) under each ridge. The nodes are closed and solid, each bearing a whorl of reduced leaves joined by their edges into cylindrical sheaths, their tips thinner and prolonged into persistent or deciduous teeth. Branches, when present, mostly in whorls from the nodes. Fruit in a terminal cone formed of regular verticils of stalked sporophylls, the 6 or 7 sporangia opening down the inner side and discharging many loose green spores, each provided with four elastic hygroscopic clavate bands. Prothallus in damp places, dioecious, green, variously lobed. (The-ancient name from equus, horse, and seta, bristle.)

1. Stems annual; spikes rounded; stomata scattered in the grooves.—

a. Fruiting stem succulent, appearing before the sterile.

Fertile stems branchless, soon perishing ; silex of sterile stems in

dots ............. 1. E. arvense.

Fertile stems becoming branched.

Branches simple ; silex in 3 rows of broad spinules on the ridges . 2. E. pratense. Branches compound ; silex in 2 rows of hooked spinules . . 3. E. sylvaticum.

a. Fertile and sterile stems alike, branched or simple.

Centrum one sixth of the total diameter of stem ; teeth grooved,

black, with broad white margins ....... 4. E. palustre.

Centrum half the total diameter or more. Centrum not more than two thirds the diameter ; vallecular holes

present ; sheaths loose ; fruit abortive ..... 5. E. litorale.

Centrum four fifths the diameter ; vallecular holes mostly absent ;

sheaths tight .......... 6. E.flumatiU.

§ 2. Stems evergreen (except in E. laevigatum and E. variegatum, v. Nelsoni), mostly simple ; spikes apiculate ; stomata in single regular series. — HIPPOCIIABTE Milde b.

b. Silex in cross-bands on ridges and grooves c.

c. Vallecular bast cutting the green parenchyma, carinal not doing so ;

sheaths ampliated, green.

Teeth deciduous, leaving black triangular bases ; centrum wide . 7. E. laevigatum. Teeth persistent, broadly white-bordered ; centrum

small ......... (9) E. variegalum, v. Nelsoni.

c. Vallecular bast not cutting the parenchyma, the carinal larger ;

sheaths usually with black and white bands. Sheaths much longer than broad, ampliated ; plants

similar to E. laevigatum in appearance . . (8) E. hyemale, v. intermedium. Sheaths little longer than broad, tight . . . . (8) E. hyemale, v.robustum. b. Kidges biangulate (except in E. variegatum, v. Nelsoni) ; silex of the grooves in rosulae d.

d. Teeth deciduous ; ridges slightly biangulate ..... 8. E. hyemale. d. Teeth persistent, white-bordered e.

e. Centrum one third of the diameter of the stem.

Kidges distinctly biangulate; bristle-tips of teeth deciduous . 9. E. variegatum.

Eidges slightly biangulate ; tips of teeth persistent (9) E. varieg<ttum , v. Jesupi.

Ridges rounded ....... (9) E, variegatum, v. Nelfsoni.

e. Centrum absent ; stems 6-angled ....... 10. E. scirpoides.

52

EQUISETACEAK (HORSETAIL FAMILY)

§ 1. EUEQUISETUM Sadebeck. Stems annual, mostly with rnjnlar verticils of branches' spikes not apiculate ; stomata in one or two hrot/d l><ni<ix in each groove, their surfaces overlaid with a silex plate that bears a vertical slit in the center.

1. E. arvSnse L

E. arvense. Cross- section of stem x 12.

(COMMON H.) Fertile stems 0.6-2.5 dm. high, with loose 8-12-toothed sheaths, not rarely developing a few branches in wet places ; sterile stems prostrate or erect, 0.5-5 dm. high, 10-14-furrowed, variously branched ; silex in punctiforin dots; branches 3-4-angled, mostly simple, solid, winged, the teeth of their sheaths triangu- lar-lanceolate, with sharp erect acuminate points; root- stocks tuberiferous, felted ; centrum ^-f the total diameter of the stem. — Common. (Widely distr.) FIG. 7.

2. E. pratense Ehrh. Sterile and finally fertile stems developing simple horizontal triangular branches whose first internodes do not exceed the stem-sheaths ; teeth of branch-sheaths deltoid, acute; stems 2-3 dm. high, 8-20-ridged, beset with flat spines of silex, arranged the total diam-

H. E. pratense. Cross-section of stem x 12.

E. pratense. Epi- drnnis x 12.

in threes ; centrum

eter. — Alluvial soil," N. S. and Que.

to Alaska, southw. to w. Mass., N. J.,

and la., chiefly in calcareous re- gions. April, May. (Eurasia.) FIGS.

8, 9.

3. E. sylvaticum L. Stems 0.7-4.5

dm. high ; both kinds developing com- pound branches ; centrum half the

diameter ; ridges 8-14, flat, with a row

of recurved spinules on each side;

sheaths green, with the papery brown

teeth coherent; primary branches

4-5-angled, the secondary 3-angled. — Damp, shady places, Nfd. to Alaska,

southw. to Va. , 0. , and la. ; com- mon northw. May, June. (Eura- sia.) FIGS. 10, 11.

4. E. paliistre L. Rootstocks shining, black, solid at -center; stems 2.5-9 dm. high, deeply 5-1 <»- grooved; ridges narrow, sharply elevated ; sheaths widened up- ward ; leaves centrally grooved ; teeth lance-subulate, black, with broad white margins; silex in cross-bands ; centrum £ the total diameter; branches hollow, 4-7-

angled. — Wet places, Nfd. to Alaska, southw. to Ct. (Graves), 111. ///•/ »d< / 1,

etc. June- Aug. (Eurasia.) FIGS.

12, 13.

5. E. litorale Kiihlewein. Stems

(liiTuse to erect, simple to densely 2-9 dm. high, (Ms- centrum £-§ the total

diameter ; valleeular liolespresent;

sheaths slightly spreading; teeth

dark brown, acute, coin-rent in

groups; brain-lies •_'."> !-'> cm. long,

.'1-5 milled, winged, oltrii solid,

similar to those of /•„'. ,trri'»sr ;

spikes usually abortive. — Wet,

K. sylvaticum. dcriiiis x 12.

11. E. sylvaticum. Cross- section of stem x 12.

'. i-:. puiuMiv. <

section <>f stun x !•„'.

K. |ialustrc. Kpi- drnnis xl'2.

EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) 53

sandy shores, N. B. to Pa., Minn., and westw. May, June. (Eu.) — Possibly a hybrid. FIGS. 14, 15.

14. E. litorale. Gross- section of stem x 12.

15. E. litorale. Cross -section of stem near apex x 12.

16. E. fluviatile. Cross- section of stem x 12.

6. E. fluviatile L. (PIPES.) Stems erect, 3-15 dm. high, with 10-30 shal- low grooves, simple, or branched in the middle ; centrum f the total diameter ; vallecular holes absent except at bases of largest stems; branches 2.5-16 cm. long, 4-6-angled, hollow, not winged, horizontal, with erect tips ; sheaths ap- pressed ; teeth dark brown, narrow, acute, rigid, distinct. (E. limosum L.) — Shallow water and mud-banks, common. June, July. (Eu.) FIGS. 16, 17.

HIPPOCHAETE Milde. Stems mostly evergreen, simple or becoming sparingly branched^ mostly rough; spikes apiculate ; stomata (in ours) in a single regular row on each side of the groove, overlaid by the siliceous coat of the stem, having access to the air through an irregular hole.

7. E. laevigatum A. Br. Stems mostly annual, diffuse and rough or erect and nearly smooth, 1-12 dm. long, simple or with few to many rough branches ; centrum f the diameter of stem ; sheaths widened up- ward, green with narrow black limb ; teeth of the stem- sheaths mostly deciduous, leaving black triangular bases,

those of the branches persistent ; leaves flat above, ridged below ; green parenchyma continuous under the keels, separated by the vallecular bast. — Alluvial soils, O. to B. C. and Tex. June-Aug. FIG. 18.

8. E. hyemale L. (SCOURING RUSH.) Stems erect, mostly simple, 3 to 9 dm. high, the ridges slightly grooved on the back with a row of tubercles on each side ; sheaths longer than broad, tight, with two black rings separated by an ashy one ; teeth mostly deciduous ; centrum usually f the total diameter ; green paren- chyma continuous over the vallecular holes, separated by the bast under the ridges. — Eu.

Var. intermedium A. A. Eaton. Stems evergreen, simple, erect, 3-12 dm. high, smoothish or rough with cross-bands of silex ; sheaths widened upward, the lower with basal and terminal black rings separated by an ashy band, all similarly marked the second year ; green parenchyma continuous over the vallecular holes, separated by the carinal bast. — Moist sandy soils, Ct., N. Y., and Mich, to Tex. and Cal. May- Aug. — Often confused with E. laevigatum. FIG. 19.

Var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton. Differs from the type only in having the ridges rounded instead of biangulate. — Can. to Mex. ; common in N. E., less common than the next further west.

Var. robustum (A. Br.) A. A. Eaton. Mostly stout, 12-30 dm. high, 6-18 mm. thick ; ridges rounded ; sheaths nearly as broad as long ; leaves with a central and two lateral ridges ; teeth mostly persistent. (E. robustum A. Br.) —

18. E. laevigatum. Cross- section of stein x 12.

54

LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB MOSS FAMILY)

Md. to Mich., south westw. and westw. ; rare east of the Miss. R. (Mex., Asia.) FIGS. 20, 21.

9. E. variegitum Schleich. Stems tufted, ascending, 1.5 to 3 dm. high, slender, 5-10-grooved ; ridges with broad central grooves ; centrum ^ the

19. E. hyemale, v. intermedium. Cross-section of stem x 12.

20. E. hyemale, v. robus- tum. Epidermis x 12.

21. E. hyemale, v. robustum. Cross-section of stem x 12.

total diameter ; green parenchyma continuous under the keels, interrupted in the grooves ; sheaths loose, green below, black-girdled above ; leaves 4-carinate ; teeth black, with broad hyaline white borders, persistent, with long filiform deciduous tips. — Lab. to Alaska, south w. to Me., N. Y., and Wyo. ; rare. (Eurasia.)

Var. Jesupi A. A. Eaton. Stems ascending or erect, 2-4 dm. high, 10-12- furrowed ; ridges with slight central grooves ; centrum i-f the total diameter ; carinal bast cutting the parenchyma, the vallecular small ; sheaths green, with black limbs, becoming ashy with black bases ; teeth brown-centered, white- bor- dered, with flexuous persistent awn-points, often becoming papery and withering. — Que. and Ont., southw. to Ct. and 111.

Var. Nelsbni A. A. Eaton. Stems annual, tufted, slender, 1.5-4 dm. high ; angles rounded ; sheaths ampliated, green, with narrow black limb, becoming dusky; teeth centrally grooved, with dark centers and broad white borders, bearing deciduous awn-points; centrum \ the total diameter of stem ; bast similar to the type. — N. Y. to Mich, and 111.

, 10. E. scirpoides Michx. Stems many in a tuft, filiform, 0.75

Cros 8lrPti ne9f to 1>6 dm< high' flexuous and curving, solid at the center, C-ridged stenTx 12 °r ' through the deep grooving of the 3 angles ; sheaths with 3 per- sistent hyaline-bordered filiform-tipped teeth. — Moist evergreen woods and low fields; Lab. to Pa., 111., and northwestw. (Eurasia.) FIG. 22.

LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB Moss FAMILY)

Low plants, usually of moss-like aspect, with elongated and often much branched stems covered with small lanceolate or subulate, rarely oblong or rounded, persistent entire leaves; the sporangia 1-S-celled, solitary in (he axils of the leaves, or on their upper surface, when ripe opening into two or three valves, and shedding the numerous yellow spores, which are all of one kind. — The Family, as here defined, consists mainly of the large genus

1. LYCOP6DIUM L. CLUB Moss

Spore-cases coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celled, 2-valved, mostly by a transverse line round the margin, discharging the subtile spores, in the form of a copious sulphur-colored Inflammable powder. — Perennials, with evergreen one-nerved Icavrs imbricated or crowded in 4-1C ranks. (Name compounded of \VKOS, a wolf, and irous, foot, from a fancied resemblance.)

LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB MOSS FAMILY)

55

b.

a. Spore cases in the axils of ordinary dark -green shining leaves, not form- ing a well marked terminal spike ; gemmae commonly present.

Leaves uniform 1.

Leaves in zones, alternately shorter and longer 2.

a. Spore cases only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, forming a

spike b.

Bracteal leaves scarcely or not at all modified in form or texture. Bracteal leaves lance-linear or linear, scarcely broader at the base . 3. Bracteal leaves linear-attenuate from a distinctly broadened ovate

base 4.

, Bracteal leaves scale-like, yellowish, very different from those of the

sterile parts of the stem c. c. Sterile branches convex and uniformly leafy on all sides.

Free part of leaves 4-8 mm. long ; fertile branches mostly 1.5-

2.5 dm. high.

Fertile branches leafy up to the spikes. Creeping stem deep in the ground, the upright branches

repeatedly forked, tree-like . . (T) L. obacurum

Creeping stem on or near the surface of the ground, its numerous erect branches mostly subsimple or sparingly

forked 5.

Fertile branches modified beneath the spikes into scaly pe- duncles 6.

Free parts of the leaves 1-3 mm. long; fertile branches usually

5-13 cm. high 8.

c. Sterile branches flattened or concave beneath, the leaves usually

reduced or modified on the lower surface d.

d. Fertile branches leafy essentially to the spikes .... 7. d. Spikes borne on scaly peduncles e.

e. Peduncles terminating upright leafy branches.

Fertile branches usually 5-10, rarely 15 cm. high ; free part of lateral leaves linear-subulate, spreading, nearly or quite as long as the adnate part . . .

Fertile branches usually 1.5-3*kn. high; free part of lateral leaves deltoid-subulate, scarcely more than one third to one half the length of the adnate part. Running stems deep in the ground; branches narrowly linear, 1.3-1.8 mm. broad, their divisions very numer- ous and crowded . . .

Running steins at or near the surface of the ground ; branches 2^4 mm. broad, more loosely and openly forked

L. Selago. L. hicidulum.

L. alopecwroides. L. inundatum.

v. dendroideum.

L. annolinum. L. clavatum. L. sitchense.

L. obscurum.

9. L. sabinaefolium.

12. L. tristachyum.

11.

Peduncles springing directly from a short horizontal rootstock 10.

L. complanatum. L. carolinianum.

\

w

.

1. L. Selago L. Stems erect and rigid, dichotomous, from a short slender rootstock, forming a level-topped tuft (0.5-2.5 din. high) ; leaves uniform, lance-attenuate, crowded, ascending, glossy, pale green or yellowish, sharp- pointed, entire or denticulate ; sporangia in the axils of unaltered leaves. — Crevices of exposed or cold rock, chiefly alpine ; Greenl. to Alaska, s. to N. E., L. Superior, Mont., and Wash., and on the higher Alleghenies to Va. (Widely distr.) — Commonly gemmiparous in the upper axils. Var. APPRESSUM Desv. Leaves closely crowded, appressed. — Usually more abundant, extending s. to

. C.

Var. patens (Beauv.) Desv. Leaves linear-attenuate and wide-spreading, rk green. — Cool calcareous cliffs, Que. and n. Vt.

2. L. lucidulum Michx. Steins assurgent, the old elongate bases very per- sistent; leaves pointed, toothed, at first spreading, then deflexed, distinctly broader above the middle, arranged in alternate zones of shorter and longer leaves, the shorter leaves more frequently bearing sporangia in their axils ; proliferous gemmae usually abundant but caducous. — Cold, damp woods ; Nfd. to Ont,, Minn., la., Ind., and south w. in the Alleghenies to S. C.

Var. por6philum (Lloyd & Underw.) Clute. Leaves lance-linear, attenuate, arrowed from base to apex, nearly or quite entire. (L, porophilum Lloyd & Underw.) — Mts. and cold ravines, local; Nfd. and e. Que. to Wise., s. to S. C. and Ala.

3. L. alopecuroides L. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout; the sterile branches recurved-procumbent and creeping; the fertile of the same thickness, 13-83 cm. high ; leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinulose-pointed, spreading, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the middle ; those of the cylindri- cal spike with long setaceous tips. (L. adpressum Lloyd & Underw., in

56 LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB MOSS FAMILY)

part.) — Pine-barrens and sandy swamps, Nantucket (Mrs. Owen, Dame, Floyd), L. I., and southw. Aug., Sept. — Stems, including the dense leaves, l.~> mm. in thickness ; the comose spike, with its longer spreading leaves, 18-22 mm. thick. (S. A.)

4. L. inundatum L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid, 3-10 (rarely 15) cm. high, bearing a short thicfc: spike ; sporophylls usually toothed near the ovate base, their attenuate tips herbaceous, loosely spreading ; leaves lanceolate or lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, mostly entire, those of the prostrate stems curving upward. — Sandy shores and in sphagnum, Nfd. to N. J., and north westw. to Alaska. (Eurasia.) Var. BIGELOVII Tuckerm. Taller (the fertile branches 1-3 dm. high) ; sporophylls more incurved <>r oppressed, commonly somewhat stramineous, mostly entire. (L. adpressum Lloyd & Underw. in part.) — Sandy shores, e. Mass, to Md.

5. L. ann6tinum L. Much branched ; stems prostrate and creeping (3-12 dm. long) ; the ascending branches similar (1-2.5 dm. high), sparingly forked sterile ones making yearly growths from the summit ; leaves equal, spreading, in about 5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green ) ; spike solitary, thickish-cylindrical. — Open woods, Nfd. to Ct., Minn., Col., Alaska, and Greenl. (Eurasia.) In exposed and alpine situations replaced by var. PUNGENS Desv., a form with short thick more rigid leaves which are 3-4 mm. long and erectish. — Nfd. to n. N. Y., and north westw. (Eurasia.)

6. L. clavatum L. (COMMON C.) Stems creeping extensively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branches ; the fertile terminated by a slender

^ u^. peduncle (1-1.5 dm. long), bearing about 2-4 slender cylindrical spikes ; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incurved-spreading (light green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle. — Dry woods; common especially north w. July. (Cosmop.) Var. MONOST\CHYON Grev. & Hook. Spike solitary on each peduncle com- monly of larger size (sometimes 8 cm. long). — E. Que. to Ct. and north westw. Var. BREVISPIC\TUM Peck. Spikes solitary or in pairs, very short (1.3-2.4 cm. long), thickish, blunt; peduncles 3-5 cm. long. — Wallface Mt., N. Y. (Peck}. A sterile form with greatly elongated peduncles is sometimes found :

r- 1) Taconic Mts., w. Mass. (Harrison"), and Green Mts., Vt. (Kent).

j Q . J 7. L. obscurum L. Rootstock cord-like, subterranean, bearing scattered

>J 'erect tree-like stems dividing at the summit into several densely dichotomous

•f spreading branches ; leaves linear-lanceolate, decurrent, entire, acute, 6-ranked,

Ihose of the two upper and two lower ranks smaller and appressed, the lateral ones

incurved-spreading ; spikes 1-3, erect, essentially sessile ; bracts scarious-mar-

gined, broadly ovate, abruptly apiculate. — Rich woods, N. E. to Va. — Passing

imperceptibly into

Var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eaton. Leaves equal, erect or incurved; branches scarcely or not at all dorsiventral, usually erect and crowded ; spikes 1-15. (L. dendroideum Michx.) — The more common form, in woods or on open hillsides, Nfd. to N. C. and L. Superior.

8. L. sitchgnse Rupr. Glaucous ; rootstock long, nearly superficial ; stems short, numerous, erect, divided from near the base into numerous erect sub- simple crowded branches (3-7 cm. high), equally leafy all round ; leaves equal, few-ranked, ascending, about 2 mm. long, slender, very acute; spikes on short but usually distinct scaly peduncles; sporophylls green with scarious crust- margin, the tip spreading. — Coniferous woods, e. Que. and n. Me.; Mt. Katah- din; Mt. Washington, N. II. (Eggleston) ; Adirondack Mts., N. Y. (Peck); n. shore of L. Superior ; Alaska.

9. L. sabinaefblium Willd. In habit similar to the preceding ; branches 5-10 cm. long, flexuous, dorsiventral ; the leaves on the lower surface smaller; peduncles 2-3 cm. lonu;. — Dry woods, e. Que. to Vt. ; Staten Lsl., N. Y. (Bnch- heixtf.r) ; and L. Superior (G. S. Miller).

10. L. carolinianum L. Sterile stems and their few short branches entfn In creeping (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly clothed with broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1-nerved lateral le<ir< >• n-filrfy sj»-r<«li)i(f in •_' yv////,-x, and a shorter intermediate row appressed on the upper side ; also sending up a slender simple peduncle (7-21 cm. long, clothed merely with

be

SELAGINELLACEAE 57

small bract-like and appressed awl-shaped leaves) bearing a single cylindrical spike. — Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Va., and southw.

11. L. complanatum L. Eootstock nearly superficial; stems erect, irregu- larly branched or forked, the branches very flat, more or less glaucous, few- forked, the divisions (0.5-1.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide) erect or but slightly spreading, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves in 4 ranks with decurrent adnate bases, the lateral with tooth-like tips ; peduncles (about 3 cm. long) bearing 1-3 erect spikes. — Dry coniferous woods, Nfd. to Me., Ida., and Alaska. (Eurasia.)

Var. flabellif6rme Fernald. (GROUND PINE.) Brighter green ; the branches several-forked and spreading in a fan-like manner, the terminal divisions 0.5-4 cm. long and 1.5-3 mm. broad ; peduncles (averaging 7 cm. long) mostly 4-spiked. — Dry woods, N. S. to W. Va., Ky., la., and Minn.; common. Var. WieBEi Haberer is a form with peduncles only 1-spiked. — N. Vt. and centr. N. Y.

12. L. tristachyum Pursh. Very glaucous ; rootstock deep (5-12 cm. low the surface) ; stems erect, the branches numerous, crowded, erect, 1-2

mm. broad ; peduncles (8-12 cm. long) with a few scattered attenuate bracts and bearing 1-5 (mostly 4) spikes. (L. Chamaecyparissus A. Br. ; L. compla- natum, var. Chamaecyparissus Milde.) — Dry sandy soil, n. Me. to Del., and L. Superior; southw. in the mts. to N. C. (Eu.)

SELAGINELLACEAE

Leafy plants, terrestrial or rooted" in mud, never very large; stems branch- ing; leaves small and ^-Q-rowed ; sporangia one-celled, solitary, axillary or borne on the upper surface of the leaf at its base and enwrapped in its margins, some containing large spores (macrospores) and others small spores (inicro- spores). The macrospores are in the shape of a low triangular pyramid with a hemispherical base, and marked with elevated ribs along the angles. In ger- mination they develop a minute prothallus which bears archegonia to be fer- tilized by antherozoids developed from the microspores.

1. SELAGINELLA Beauv.

Fructification of two kinds, namely, of minute and oblong or globular spore- cases, containing reddish or orange-colored powdery microspores; and of mostly 2-valved tumid larger ones, filled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1-6) much larger globose-angular macrospores ; the former usually in the upper and the latter in the lower axils of the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike, but sometimes the two kinds on opposite sides all along the spike. (Name a diminutive of Selago, an ancient name of a Lycopodium, from which this genus is separated, and which the plants greatly resemble in habit and foliage.)

* Leaves all alike and uniformly imbricated ; those of the spike similar.

1. S. selaginoides (L.) Link. Sterile stems prostrate or creeping, small and slender ; the fertile thicker, ascending, simple (3-8 cm. high) ; leaves lanceolate, ac.ute, spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate. (& spinosa Beauv.) — Wet places, Nfd. to N. II. (Pursli), Mich., L. Superior, Col., and northw. ; rare. — Habit of Lycopodium inundatum. Leaves larger on the fertile stems, yellowish-green. (Eu.)

2. S. rupestris (L.) Spring. Much branched in close tufts (2-6 cm. high) ; leaves densely appressed-imbricated, linear-lanceolate, convex and with a grooved keel, minutely dilate, bristle-tipped ; those of the strongly quadrangular spike rather broader. — Dry and exposed rocks, somewhat local but not rare. — Grayish-green in aspect, resembling a rigid moss. (Eurasia.)

58 ISOETACEAE (QUILLWOKT FAMILY)

* * Leaves shorter above and below, stipule-like ; the lateral larger, 2-ranked.

3. S. &pus (L.) Spring. Steins tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched, flaccid ; leaves pellucid-membranaceous, the larger spreading hori- zontally, ovate, oblique, mostly obtuse, the smaller appressed, taper-pointed ; those of the short spikes nearly similar ; larger spore-cases copious at the lower part of the spike. — Low, shady places, s. Me., south w. and westw. — A delicate little plant, resembling a Moss or Jungermannia. (S. A.)

ISOETACEAE (QUILLWORT FAMILY) (REVISED BY A. A. EATON.)

Small aquatic or palustrine herbs of grass-like or rush-like aspect. Stem short, thick, and corm-like, crowned with numerous subulate leaves. Spores of two kinds in distinct axillary solitary sporangia. — A single genus ; the species similar in habit and to be distinguished with certainty only by the aid of the compound microscope.

1. IS6ETES L. QUILLWORT

Stem fleshy, more or less depressed, the roots arising from the 2-5-lobed base, the flattened top bearing the leaves from a central bud or crown. Leaves dilated and imbricated at base, rounded or somewhat angular above, orbicular in section, traversed by four air-tubes that are separated by cross-partitions, bearing a bast-bundle in the center and often 4 or more in the periphery. Stomata none or in narrow bands over the air-cavities. Sporangia in excavations of the dilated bases of the leaves (more or less covered by the ^Mjn, formed from the thin edges of the excavation-), attached by their backs, orbicular to ovoid, plano-convex, trav- ersed internally by transverse threads,

28. Isoetes (diagrammatic) their thin integuments often bearing

Inner surface of leaf-base, small dark sclerenchymatous cells.

Spores dimorphous, the female or gyno-

spores large (250-1000 //, or more in diameter), spherical, with an elevated ridge (equator) around the middle and three others (commissures) arising from this and meeting at the summit of the upper hemisphere, the surface variously beset with siliceous elevations, rarely smooth ; the male or androspores in separate sporangia, mostly in alternate cycles with the female, very minute (20-45 fj. long), obliquely oblong, triangular in section. The trunks of all our species but /. Tuckermani and 7. sac- 24. I. riparia. show- charata, var. Amesii are habitually bilobed. (Name used by ing generic habit Pliny, presumably for a house-leek.) FIGS. 23, 24. * %.

§ 1. Submersed ; leaves cylindrical, fleshy, without bast-bundles or stoinata.

— AQUATICAE A. I5r. tt. a. Leaves stout, rigid, erect.

Gynospores honeycomb-reticulated below 1. T.maarotpom.

Gynospores with distinct or anastomosing crests (1) I. macrospora, v. heterosporn.

a. Leaves mostly slender and spirally spreading or recurved h. b. Gynospores with thin jagged honeycomb-reticulated crests, Leaves 1 nun. or less in diameter. Leaves reddish or olive, often with a few stomata ; spores 600 /u,

or Ir>s in diameter 2. /. Tiickfrmani.

Leaves irn-en. recurved at end, not spiral; spores iiverairinir

650 /u. in diameter r_'i '/. 7VcXv rnxnii. \. /><»; «///*.

Leave* .'."i •". mm. in diameter .... ('2) /. Tiiffct'i-mn n i , \. ////r/v///.

t>. <i\ ii(>s|»>res \vith thick vermiform free or :in:istomosinir ridges . . 3. /. ///<;•«;/////<// /'<•<!. $ '_'. Plant! Of inundated shores or tidal Hats, fruit inir as the water iVcedes ; with stomata but no bast-bundles. - AMPIII'I.IAK A. Ur. c.

ISOETACEAE (QUILL WORT FAMILY) 59

c. Leaves reddish or olive-green.

Gynospores averaging 440 /u. in diameter, with small pits . . 4 Gynospores averaging 510 u, in diameter, with thin irregular walls (4) I.foveol

. I.foveolata. (£)~ I. foveolata, v. plenospora.

c. Leaves green d. d. Gynospores with jagged crests.

Gynospores averaging 600 /u. in diameter ; crests tall, mostly

simple 5. 7. riparia.

Gynospores averaging less than 550 /u. in diameter ; crests low,

simple or reticulated.

Leaves 1-2.5 mm. in diameter ; trunks 2-lobed . . . 6. 7. saccharata. Leaves 1-1.5 mm. in diameter ; trunks 2-5-lobed (6) 7. saccharata, v. Amesii.

d. Gynospores with slender or jagged spines.

Leaves short, stout, spreading 1. I. echinospora. v. Braunii.

Leaves long, fine, spiral (7) 7. echinospora, v. muricata.

. Plants of the extreme edges of ponds or streams, emersed most of the summer, with stomata and bast-bundles. — PALUSTRES A. A. Eaton e. Bast-bundles 4, one at each front angle and one at each end of the

dorsi-ventral partition /.

/. Polygamous ; androsporangia rare ; gynospores appearing abortive. Bast-bundles often absent; gynospores with labyrinthiform

ridges 8. 7. Eatoni.

Bast-bundles always present ; gynospores with truncate col- umns 9. 7. Gravesii.

Monoecious. Gynospores with coarse irregular crests.

Crests loose ; sporangia slightly spotted 10. 7. Dodgei.

Crests crowded ; sporangia densely spotted . . (10) 7. Dodgei, v. Jtobbinsii. Gynospores reticulated.

Plants of medium size ; androspores smooth . . . .11. I. Engelmanni. Plants large ; androspores spinulose .... (11) 7. Engelmanni, v. valida. e. Bast-bundles 4, with accessory ones i»-the periphery.

Monoecious; gynospores crested, somewhat reticulated (11) 7. Engelmanni, v.fontana. Polygamous ; gynospores small, smooth or with low tubercles or

wrinkles 12. 7. melanopoda.

§ 4. Plants of dry situations ; leaves setaceous ; bast-bundles 4 ; stomata

many ; velum none. — TEKKESTRES A. Br 13. 7. Butleri.

1. I. macr6spora Dur. Leaves 10-30, 2 mm. in diameter, erect, round, dark green, rather blunt ; velum covering ^ of the unspotted sporangium ; gynospores 600-800 (j. in diameter, the upper faces traversed by thin parallel

walls, the lower hemisphere reticulated ; androspores 36-47 //, (average 42 /*) long, smooth. — Gasp6 Co., Que., and Me. to Ont. and Minn. EIG. 25.

Var. heter6spora A. A. Eaton. Leaves 50-150, 2 mm. in diameter, 5-8 cm. long, rigid, erect, tapering to a sharp point; sporangia spotted ^-f indusiate ; gynospores 540-675 //, (some abnormally 1100-1134 /A) in diameter, densely covered with thick jagged convoluted crests, often reticulated below ; andro- 2;LL™Cl°!,P?«a' spores 30-40 /x. (average 35 /*) long, dark brown, papillose. (7. heterospora A. A. Eaton.) — Jordan Pond, Mt. Desert, Me.

2. I. Tuckermani A. Br. Trunk often 3-lobed, small ; leaves 10-40, 1 mm. or less in diameter, 4-15 cm. long, reddish or olive green, sometimes with a few stomata but no bast-bundles ; sporangia small, rarely spotted, £ or more covered by the velum ; gynospores 450-750 ^ (average 600 ^) in diameter, parallel-walled or reticulated above, more or less reticulated below ; andro- spores 25-38 /j. (average 30 /*) long, slightly rough. — Sandy ponds, Me. to Ct.

Var. borealis A. A. Eaton. Trunk bilobed ; leaves 10-100, 3-25 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, green or reddish, straight or recurved; stomata none; gynospores 600-785 ^ in diameter, more coarsely reticulated ; androspores 42 /x, long, finely spinulose. — N. Y. to N. H. and Lab.

Var. HarvSyi (A. A. Eaton) Clute. Trunk 2-lobed, 1.6-3 cm. in diameter; leaves 50-140, purple-bronze, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter, 5-6 cm. long, strongly re- curved ; stomata none ; sporangia unspotted, |~| covered by the velum ; gyno- spores 526-648 /j. (average 560 /x) in diameter ; androspores 30-39.6 /x, (average 34 /x) long. (7. Harveyi A. A. Eaton.) —N. Y. and Mass, to Nfd.

3. I. hieroglyphica A. A. Eaton. Leaves 10-20, 6-7.5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. in diameter, blunt, recurved ; sporangia not spotted, ^ covered by the velum ;

60 ISOETACEAE (QUILLWORT FAMILY)

gynospores 486-720 /j. (average 600 /x) in diameter, sparingly covered with thick vermiform subcontinent or reticulated ridges except just beneath the equator ; androspores 31-44 it (average 36 it) long, verrucose. — Ponds and lakes, N. S., Que., and Me. FIG. 26.

4. I. foveolata A. A. Eaton. Polygamous ; leaves 50-150, 5-15 cm. long, 2 mm. in diameter, round, pinkish or olive- green ; sporangia thickly dark-spotted, ^-\ covered by the G noTorf x 15°*' velum ' gynosPores 380-560 /x (average 44i) /x) in diameter, the lower surface covered with little holes, the upper a little more open ; androspores 22-35 /x long, reticulated or papillose. — Ponds and river borders ; N. H. and Ct. FIG. 27.

Var. plen6spora A. A. Eaton. Leaves 30-110, 1.5 mm. 2T. I. foveolata. Gyno- in diameter, 20-40 cm. long ; sporangia thickly dark-spotted, spore x 15. i~2 covered by the velum ; gynospores white or ashy, 450-

600 /j. (average 510 /x) in diameter, covered with tall thin mostly honeycomb-reticulated walls ; androspores 27-33 ti long, finely granular or tuberculate. — Gravelly shores of ponds in a thin layer of silt, s. e. Mass.

5. I. riparia Engelm. Often polygamous; leaves 10-30, 1-3 mm. in diam- eter, 10-25 cm. long, erect, dark green ; sporangia densely spotted, \-\ covered by the velum ; gynospores 450-756 /j. (averaging 570 /x) in diameter, covered with high isolated, united, or reticulated jagged crests ; androspores 28-32 fj. (average 29 /x) long, sparingly tubercled. — Tidal shores of Del. R., in gravel. — A species misinterpreted in the past, and seemingly of restricted range.

6. I. saccharata Engelm. Leaves 10-30, 1-2.5 mm. in diameter, 3-25 cm. long, spreading or recurved ; velum very narrow to half covering the thickly spotted sporangium ; gynospores 420-510 /u (average 480 /x) in diameter, covered with low granules, reticulated walls or tall rough crests ; androspores 22-30 /A (average 28 /tx) long, sparingly papillose. — Fresh-water tidal flats, n. arm of Chesapeake Bay and Del. R. — Very variable and closely approaching the last in some of its forms.

Var. AmSsii A. A. Eaton. Trunks 2-5-lobed ; leaves 8-30 cm. long, 1-1.5 nun. in diameter, slender, finely pointed, quadrangular; sporangia with few spots, £-f covered by the velum ; gynospores 420-600 /x (average 510 /x) in diameter, marked with fine granules and thin short often reticulated walls; androspores 28-32 /x long. — Gravelly shores overlaid by fine silt, chiefly in shallow water, s. Mass, to N. Y.

7. I. echin6spora Dur. Leaves 10-30, 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, dark green, finely pointed ; velum about one half covering the sporangium ; gynospores 350-560 /x (average 500 xi) in diameter, covered with simple or forked spinulc.i; androspores 26-30 /x long, smooth. — Eu. — A species repre- sented in America by the following varieties.

Var. Braunii (Dur.) Engelm. Differs from the type in having stomata on the leaves, a broader velum, spotted sporangium, and not rarely broad jagged crests on the gynospores. (Var. robnsta Engelm.; /. Boottii A. Br.) — Muddy or sandy river and pond borders, Gaspe" Co., Que. to B. C., s. to Cal. and Pa. ; variable. FIG. 28.

Var. muricata (Dur.) Engelm. Submersed leaves 10-30, flaccid, spiral, 15-40 cm. long, 1 mm. in diameter; emersed

r 0 i j. j "8. I. ochinosnoni, v.

ones 5-8 cm. long, slender, recurved ; sporangia pale-spotted, Braunii Gynosnore J-$ indusiate ; gynospores 400-620 /x (average 510 /x) in x 15 diameter, covered with slender round spines and flat, blunt, or retuse lamellae; androspores 25-31 /x long, smooth or slightly granular.— Firm soil in shallow waters, mostly submersed ; N. S. to n. Me. and N. J. — Grades into the last.

8. I. Eat&ni Dodge. Polygamous ; leaves 30-200, 40-70 cm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter, flat above; stomata abundant; bast-bundles usually present; velum very narrow ; sporangia densely light-brown spotted, not filled by spores ; gynospores round below, upper half depressed, 300-450 /x (average 300 /x) in diameter, with labyriiithiforin-convolute ridges ; androsporangia very rare,

II

ISOETACEAE (QUILL WORT FAMILY) 61

usually scattered among the gynosporangia, the spores 25-30 /x (average 28 /x) long, minutely tuberculate. — Borders of ponds and streams, s. N. H. to N. J. — Our largest species.

9. I. Gravdsii A. A. Eaton. Polygamous; leaves 20-150, 12-30 cm. long, 2-3 mm. in diameter, erect, reddish or dark green ; sporangia with an abundance of light brown cells, |-i covered by the velum ; gynospores 351- 405 it in diameter, the upper hemisphere depressed, covered with short truncate single columns ; androspores 22-30 it (average 26 it) long, high-cristate or tuber- culate.— Mass, to Ct.

10. I. D6dgei A. A. Eaton. Leaves 10-75, the submersed 20-45 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, erect or spiral; emersed 10-15 cm. long, interlaced; stornata many ; bast-bundles usually present ; sporangia sprinkled

with light cells, 1-| covered by the velum ; gynospores 500-675 /x (average 560 /x) in diameter, sparsely beset with irregular often anastomosing walls ; androspores 22-44 it (average 32 /x) long, wrinkled. (/. riparia, var. canadensis Engelm.; /. canadensis A. A. Eaton.) — Firm soil, borders of ponds and streams, Me. to B. C., southw. to Pa. FIG. 29.

Var. Robbinsii A. A. Eaton. Leaves 15-30, 10-38 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, dark green, rigidly erect, fine-pointed ; sporangia |-^ indusiate, covered with brown cells ; gynospores 460-600 it (average 500 it) in diameter, thickly beset with anastomosing jagged walls ; androspores 28.7-32.8 /x long, rough or slightly papillose. (7. canadensis, var. JRobbinsii A. A. Eaton.) — Borders of ponds and streams, s. Mass, to N. Y.

11. I. Engelmanni A. Br. Leaves 10-40, 1-4 dm. long, 1-2 mm. in diame- ter, light green ; sporangia unspotted, \ or less indusiate ; gynospores 350-570 /x

(average 450 /x) in diameter, honeycomb-reticulated with thin walls ; androspores 24-29 it long, smooth. — Ponds, streams, and ditches, mostly in clay, N. H. and Vt. to Pa. and Mo; mostly near the coast. FIG. 30. Var. GRACILIS 30 I Entrelmanm Engelm." is an attenuate form in shade or deep water. Gynospore x 15 Var- valida Engelm. Plants larger ; leaves 50-100, 3-6 dm.

tall, 2-3 mm. wide, often with 6 bast-bundles ; sporangia |-f indusiate ; gynospores 320-570 it (average 480 it) in diameter ; androspores 24-30 /x (average 28 fj.) long, blunt-spinulose. — N. J. to Va.

Var. fontana A. A. Eaton. Trunk 1-2 cm. in diameter; leaves 30-50, 15-20 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, erect, with many stomata and six large and sev- eral small bast-bundles ; velum narrow ; sporangia sparingly spotted with light- brown cells ; gynospores 400-750 /x (average 500 it) in diameter, covered with coarser more or less broken alveolations ; androspores as in the type. — Pa. and Va. ; local.

12. I. melan6poda J. Gay. Polygamous; leaves 15-60, 1.5-3.5 mm. broad, 12-45 cm. tall, chestnut or black at base, with numerous peripheral bast- bundles ; sporangia less than £ indusiate, thickly spotted ;

gynospores 250-400 it (average 330 it) in diameter, nearly

smooth or with low often confluent tubercles ; androspores

23-30 /.x (average 25 it) long, spinulose. — Inundated fields and

shallow ponds, 111. and la. to Okl. and Cal. FIG. 31. Variety 31. I. melanopoda.

PALLIDA Engelm. of the Southwest, occasionally found mixed Gynospore x 15.

with the type in our range, differs only in having pale leaf-bases.

13. I. Butleri Engelm. Dioecious; leaves 8-60, 7.5-22 cm. long, 0.5 mm. diameter, rigid, triangular-setaceous, with wide dissepiments, narrow air- canals, and four stout bast-bundles ; sheaths granular on the backs ; velum none or very narrow ; sporangia mostly spotted ; gynospores 400-630 it (average 570 it) in diameter, roughened

32 I B ti •• with very sma11 warts or fragmentary crests ; androspores 28-34 it Gynospore x!5 lon£' coarsely tubercled. — Moist hillsides and shallow depres- sions, 111. and Kan. to Tenn. and ( )kl. FIG. 32. Var. IMMACIJL\TA Engelm. is a form without spots on the sporangia, growing with the typical form of the species.

62 TAXACEAE (YEW FAMILY)

DIVISION II. SPEKMATOPHYTA (SEED-PLANTS, PHANEROGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS)

Male generative cells (with rare extra-limital exceptions) passive, developing an elongated tube. Flowers with stamens, or pistils, or both. Normal reproduction by seeds containing an embryo or minute plant.

TAXACEAE (YEW FAMILY)

Trees or shrubs, ours with evergreen linear leaves, and dioecious (or more rarely monoecious) flowers (borne on short scaly peduncles), the sterile globular, formed of a few naked stamens with anther-cells under a shield-like somewhat lobed connective, the fertile consisting of an erect ovule, which becomes a bony- coated seed more or less surrounded by a large fleshy disk (or scale). Now gen- erally treated as a family distinct from the Pinaceae.

1. TAXUS [Tourn.] L. YEW

Annular disk of the fertile flowers cup-shaped, globular, at length pulpy, red, and berry-like. Cotyledons 2. — Leaves flat, mucronate, rigid, scattered, 2- ranked. (The classical name, probably from r6£oj>, a bow, the wood anciently used for bows.)

1. T. canadSnsis Marsh. (AMERICAN Y., GROUND HEMLOCK.) A low strag- gling bush ; stems diffuse (or rarely arborescent and 2 m. high) ; leaves linear, green on both sides. — Evergreen woods, Nfd. to Va., la., and Man.

PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY)

Trees and shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly aid-shaped or needle-sJittjinl entire leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers borne in or horimj (he form of scaly catkins, of which the fertile become cones or berry-like. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. Mostly evergreen. In the following treatment, the term catkin (or ament) is retained as the most convenient designation for the catkin-like aggregates of scales bearing or inclosing either stamens or ovules. The morphology of the coniferous inflorescence is still doubtful. It seems proba- ble that the staminate catkin is a single flower, but paleophytological evidence suggests that the ovule-bearing cones are inflorescences.

Tribe I. ABlfeTEAE. Fertile flowers consisting of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels in the form of scales, each scale in the axil of a persistent bract ; in fruit forming a cone. Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each scale, invi-rled. Seeds winded. Cotyledons 8-16. Anthers spirally arranged upon the stamineal column, which is subtended by involucral scales. Buds scaly. Leaves linear to needle-shaped.

* Leaves in bundles of two or more.

1. Pinus. Leaves 2-5 in each bundle, evergreen.

2. Larix. Leaves many in each cluster, deciduous.

* * Leaves solitary.

H- Leaves keeled on both surfaces (tetragonal) ; scales of the cone persistent upon the axis. 8. Picea. Leaves not '2-ranked.

+- •»- Leaves tlattish, whitened along two lines lieiieatli.

4. Abies, ('one laryv (".-10 cm. long'), the scales falling away before the axis, ft. Tsuga. (/one small (12-85 mm. long), the scales persisting on the axis.

PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) 63

Tribe II. TAXODiEAE. Fertile flowers of several spirally arranged imbricated scales without bracts, becoming a globular woody cone. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale, erect. Leaves linear, alternate ; leaf-buds not scaly.

6. Taxodium. Seeds 2 to each scale. Leaves 2-ranked, deciduous.

Tribe III. CUPRESSEAE. Scales of the fertile flower few, decussately opposite or ternate, becom- ing a small closed cone or sort of drupe. Ovules 2 or more in their axils, erect. Cotyledons 2 (rarely more). Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, usually scale-like and adnate, the earlier free and subulate ; leaf-buds not scaly.

* Monoecious ; fruit a small cone ; leaves opposite and more or less 2-ranked.

7. Chamaecyparis. Cone globose ; scales peltate. Seeds 1 or 2, narrowly winged.

8. Thuja. Cone pendulous, ellipsoid, of 8-12 imbricated scales. Seeds 2, 2-winged.

* * Dioecious ; fruit berry -like, with bony ovate seeds.

9. Juniperus. Fruit-scales 3-6, coalescent. Foliage not 2-ranked.

1. PiNUS [Tourn.] L. PINE

Filaments short ; connective scale-like ; anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united cells, the 2 lateral ones empty. Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated woody scales, which are persistent, spreading when ripe and dry ; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale. Cotyle- dons 3-12, linear. — Primary leaves thin and chaff-like, merely bud-scales ; from their axils immediately proceed the secondary needle-shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5, from slender buds, some thin scarious bud-scales sheathing the base of the cluster. Leaves when in pairs semicylindrical, becoming chan- neled ; when more than 2 triangular ; their edges in our species serrulate. Blossoms developed in spring; the cones maturing in the second autumn. (The classical Latin name.)

Leaves 5 in a fascicle ; cone-scales thin 1. P. /Slrobus.

Leaves 2-3 in a fascicle ; cone-scales thickened at the end. Cone-scales unarmed.

Leaves 9-16 cm. long; sheath 8-21 mm. long 10. P. resinosa.

Leaves 4.5-6 cm. long; sheath 2-5 mm. long; resin-ducts in each leaf

numerous, peripheral or nearly so 9. P. sylvestris.

Leaves 1.5-4 cm. long; resin-ducts mostly 2, deeply embedded in the leaf- tissue 1. p. Banksiana.

Cone-scales armed with a sharp dorsal spine or prickle.

Cone very large, 15-25 cm. long 11. P. palustris.

Cone 3-12 cm. long.

Spine of cone-scales stout, 5-6 mm. long 5. P. pungens.

Spine of cone-scales smaller, 1-3 mm. long. Leaves somewhat rigid, 1.8-3 mm. broad.

Leaves in 2's, 1.5-4 cm. long 1. P. BanJcsiana.

Leaves in 3's, 5-12 cm. long 8. P. rigida.

Leaves in 3's, 15-25 cm. long 4. P. aerotina.

Leaves flaccid, 0.7-1.5 mm. broad. Old cones when open subcylindric-ovoid, about 10 cm. long, usually

shining 2. P. Taeda.

Old cones when open broadly ovoid, 4-7 cm. long, dull.

Spine of cone-scale 2-3 mm. long ; leaves in 2?s, 4--8cm. long . 6. P. virginiana. Spine of cone-scale minute, about 1 mm. long ; leaves in 2's or

3's, 7-13 cm. long 8. P. ecJiiiuila.

1. P. Str6bus L. (WHITE P.) Tree 20-50 m. high ; leaves in 5's, very slender, glaucous ; sterile flowers oval (8-10 mm. long), with 6-8 involucral scales at base ; fertile catkins long-stalked, cylindrical ; cones narrow, cylindri- cal, nodding, often curved (1-1.5 dm. long); seed smooth; cotyledons 8-10. — Nfd. to Pa., along the mts. to Ga., west to Man. and e. la.

2. P. TaSda L. (LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD P.) Leaves long (14-23 cm.), in 3's or sometimes 2's, with elongated sheaths, light green ; cone-scales tipped with a stout incurved spine. — Wet clay, or dry sandy soil, s. N. J. to Fla., near the coast, thence to Tex. and Ark. — A tree 15-45 m high , staminate flowers slender, 5 cm. long, usually with 10-13 involucral scales ; seeds with 3 strong rough ridges on the under side.

64 PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY)

3. P. rigida Mill. (PITCH 1'.) Leave* (5-12 cm. long) dark green, from short sheaths; cones ovoid-conical or ovoid (3-D cm. long), often in clusters; scales with a short stout generally recurved prickle. — Sandy or barren soil, N. B. to L. Ontario, e. Tenn., and n. Ga. — A tree 10-25 m. high, with very rough dark bark and hard resinous wood ; sterile flowers shorter ; scales 0-8.

4. P. ser6tina Michx. (POND or MARSH P.) Similar to the last but readily distinguished by its much longer leaves (15-25 cm. in length) and sheaths, as well as the short more deciduous prickles of the cone. — Coastal swamps, Va. (Harper} to Fla.

5. P. piingens Lamb. (TABLE MOUNTAIN P.) Leaves stout, short, in 2's or 3's (3-6 cm. long), crowded, bluish; the sheath short (very short on old foliage); the scales armed with a strong hooked spine. — Allegheny Mts., N. J. and Pa., to Ga. and Tenn. — A rather small tree (G-18 m. high) ; cones long- persistent.

6. P. virginiana Mill. (JERSEY or SCRUB P.) Leaves short (4-8 cm. long), in 2's; cones sometimes curved, the scales tipped with a straight or re- curved awl-shaped prickle. (P. mops- Ait.) — Barrens and sterile hills, L. I. to S.C., Ala., and s. Ind. — A straggling tree (5-12 m. high), with spreading or drooping branchlets ; larger westward. Young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom.

7. P. Banksiana Lamb. (GRAY or NORTHERN SCRUB P.) Leaves in 2's, very short and thick (usually 2-3 cm. long), oblique, divergent; cones conical, oblong, usually curved (4-5 cm. long), smooth, the scales pointless, or with a minute obsolescent prickle. (P. divaricata auth.) — Barren, sandy, or rocky soil, N. S. to n. N. Y., w. to n. 111., Minn., and north w. — A low tree, usually 5-10 (rarely 20) m. high.

8. P. echinata Mill. (YELLOW P.) Leaves in 2's or 3's, slender, mostly about 1 dm. long, with long sheaths; cone-scales with a minute weak prickle. (P. mitis Michx.) — Usually dry or sandy soil, Staten I. to Kan., and southw. — A straight tree (15-30 m. high), with dark green leaves more soft and slender than the preceding. The western form has more rigid leaves and more tubercu- late and spiny cones.

9. P. SYLVESTRIS L. (SCOTCH P., SCOTCH FIR.) Leaves in 2's, dark green ; cones 4-6 cm. long, the thickened rhombic scales with central tubercle but m it spinous. — Much cultivated, and thoroughly naturalized at some points on the N. E. coast. — A valuable long-lived tree attaining considerable height, but the trunk rarely straight, the bark gray. (Nat. from Eu.)

10. P. resin6sa Ait. (RED P.) Leaves in 2's, dark green; cones ovoid- conical, smooth (about 5 cm. long}, their scales slightly thickened, pointless; sterile flowers oblong-linear (12-18 mm. long), subtended by about 6 involucral scales which are early deciduous by an articulation above the base. — Dry woods, Mass, to n. Pa., Mich., and Minn., and northw. — A tall tree, with reddish rather smooth bark and hard wood, not very resinous.

11. P. palustris Mill. ("LONG-LEAVED, YELLOW, or GEORGIA P.) Leaves in 3's from long sheaths, very long, crowded at the summit of very scaly branches ; sterile flowers 6-8 cm. long, rose-purple ; cones large, cylindrical or conical- cy lindric, the thick scales armed with a short recurved spine. (P. australis Michx. ) — Sandy soil, s. Va. to Fla. and Tex. — A large tree, with thin-scaled bark and exceedingly hard and resinous wood.

2. LARIX [Tourn.] Adans. LARCH

Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on branches of a year's growth or more, short or globular, developed in early spring ; the sterile from leafless buds ; the fertile mostly with leaves below. Anther-cells opening transversely. Pollen- grains simple, globular. ( 'one-scales persistent. — Leaves needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, very many in a fascicle, developed in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds. Fertile catkins crimson or red in flower. (The ancient name.)

PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) 65

1. L. laricina (DuRoi) Koch. (AMERICAN or BLACK L., TAMARACK, HACKMATACK.) Leaves 1-2.5 cm. long ; cones ovoid, 1.2-2 cm. long, of few - rounded scales. (L. americana Michx.) —Chiefly in cold swamps, Lab, and Nfd.

to n. Pa., n. 111., centr. Minn., and far northw. — A slender tree (8-30 m. high), >///v with hard and very resinous wood.

2. L. DECIDUA Mill. (L. europaea DC.), with longer leaves and larger cones, is often cultivated, and occasionally established, as in Ct. (Bissell). (Introd. from Eu.)

3. PICEA Link. SPRUCE

Sterile flowers on branchlets of the preceding year ; anthers tipped with a rounded recurved appendage, their cells opening lengthwise. Cones maturing the first year, becoming pendulous ; their scales thin, not thickened nor prickly- tipped, persistent. — Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled above and below (4-sided), pointing every way. Otherwise nearly as in Pin us. (The classical Latin name of a pine.)

1. P. canadensis (Mill.) BSP. (WHITE or CAT S.) Branchlets glabrous; leaves slender, pale or glaucous ; cones cylindrical, about 5 cm. long, deciduous, the thin scales with an entire edge. (P. alba Link.) — N. S. and N. B. to N. Y., L. Superior and northw. — A handsome tree (15-45 m. high), in aspect resem- bling the Balsam Fir.

2. P. rubra (DuRoi) Dietr^ (RED S.) Branchlets pubescent; leaves mostly slender, 12-15 mm. long, usually acute oracutish, dark green or yellowish green ; cones elongated-ovoid, mostly 3-4 cm. long, clear brown or reddish brown, the scales rounded, entire or slightly erose. (P. rubens Sarg. ; P. australis Small.) — JRocky upland woods, Nfd. to Pa.,s. in the Alleghenies to Ga., w. to Minn., and northw. — A valued timber tree, 20-35 m. high.

3. P. mariana (Mill.) BSP. (BLACK or BOG S.) Branchlets pubescent; leaves short and thickish, mostly 6-10 (rarely 13) mm. long, pale bluish green, with strong whitish bloom ; cones short-ovoid or subglobose, 2-3 cm. long, dull grayixh brown, persisting for several years ; the scales more decidedly erose, rounded or often somewhat narrowed toward the apex. (P. nigra Link ; P. brevifolia Peck.) — Cold bogs and mountain slopes, Nfd. to N. J., along the Great Lakes and northw. — Chiefly a low tree (8-12 m.) rarely attaining 30 m. in height.

4. P. ABIES (L.) Karst. (P. excelsa Link), the NORWAY S., often cultivated as a shade tree, and now established (ace. to Bissell) at several places in Ct., has subglabrous branchlets, slender sharp-pointed dark green glossy leaves, and large cones (1-1.5 dm. long). (Introd. from Eu.)

4. ABIES [Tourn.] Hill. FIR

Sterile flowers from the axils of last year's leaves ; anthers tipped with a knob, their cells bursting transversely ; pollen as in Pinus. Cones erect on the upper side of spreading branches, maturing the first year ; their thin scales and bracts deciduous at maturity. Seeds and bark with balsam-bearing vesicles. — Leaves scattered, sessile, flat, with the midrib prominent on the whitened lower surface, on horizontal branches appearing 2-ranked. (The classical Latin name.)

1. A. balsamea (L.) Mill. (BALSAM or BALM-OF-GILEAD F.) Leaves narrowly linear, obtusely pointed or retuse (1-3.2 cm. long) ; cones cylindrical (6-10 cm. long ; 2-3 cm. thick), at first violet-colored ; the bracts obovate, serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, shorter than the scales. — Damp woods and mt. swamps, Nfd. to Pa., along the mts. to Va., w. to centr. la., and northw. — A slender tree or at high elevations a low or prostrate shrub.

2. A. Fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Leaves narrowly linear, commonly retuse ; bracts of the cones dentate or erose-lacerate on the margin, often emargiuate and bearing a slender cusp at the apex, longer than the scales. — Mts. of Va.,

GRAY'S MANUAL — 5

66 PINACEAE (IMNE FAMILY)

5. TStlGA (Endl.) Carr. HEMLOCK

Sterile flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year's leaves, the long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales ; anthers tipped with a short spur or knob, their confluent cells opening transversely ; pollen-grains simple. Cones on the end of last year's branchlets, maturing the first year. pendulous; their scales thin, persistent. — Leaves scattered, flat, whitened beneath, appearing 2-ranked. (The Japanese name of one of the species.)

1. T. canadSnsis (L.) Carr. Leaves petioled, short-linear, obtuse, 8-13 mm. long ; cones ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the scales suborbicular. (Abies Michx.) — Mostly hilly or rocky woods, N. B. and N. S. to Del., and along the mts. to Ala., w. to Minn. — A tall tree, with light and spreading spray and delicate foliage, bright green above, silvery beneath.

2. T. caroliniana Engelm. Leaves petioled, linear, 15-18 mm. long; cones ovoid, 2-3.5 cm. long; scales oblong, in age loosely imbricated, widely and irregularly spreading. — Mts. of Va. to Ga.

6. TAX6DIUM Richard. BALD CYPRESS

Flowers monoecious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile flowers spiked-panicled, of few stamens ; filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2-5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair of ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at the base. Cotyledons (3-9. — Trees, with light green deciduous leaves ; a part of the slender leafy branchlets of the season also deciduous in autumn. (Name compounded of T(££OS, the yew, and eiSos, resemblance, the leaves being yew-like.)

1. T. distichum (L.) Richard. Leaves linear and spreading; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets. — Swamps, s. Del. to s. 111., Mo. and Tex. March, April.

7. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. WHITE CEDAR. CYPRESS

Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile flowers composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales de- cussate in pairs, bearing few (1-4) erect bottle-shaped ovules at base. Cone globular, firmly closed, but opening at maturity ; the scales thick, pointed or bossed in the middle ; the few angled or somewhat winged seeds attached to their contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3. — Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl-shaped closely appresscd- imbricated leaves, distichous branchlets, and exceedingly durable wood. (From on the ground, and Kvirdpi<r<ros, cypress.}

1. C. thyoides (L.) BSP. (WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves minute, pale, often with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4 rows ; cones small (6-9 mm. in diameter) of about 3 pairs of scales; seeds slightly winged. (C. uphaeroidea Spach.) — Swamps, s. N. H. to Fla. and Miss. — A tree 10-2A in. high, resembling Arbor Vitae. Doubtfully indigenous in N. S., and said to liavi- been originally collected in Canada by Kalm.

8. THtFJA L. ARBOR VITAE

Flowers mostly monoecious on different branches, in very small terminal ovoid catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 anther-cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales (fixed by the base) each bearing 2 erect ovules; dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2. — Small evergreen trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, and closely imbricated small appressed persistent leaves ; these of two sorts, on different or successive branchlets ; one awl-shaped ; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate to the branch. (Qvla or Qva., the ancient name of some resin-bearing evergreen.)

TYPHACEAE (CAT-TAIL FAMILY) 67

1. T. occidentalis L. (ARBOR VITAE, WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves appressed- imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets ; scales of the cones pointless ; seeds broadly winged all round. — Swamps and cool rocky banks, e. Que. to Pa., along the mts. to N. C., west to Minn, and Man. — A tree 10-20 m. high, with pale shreddy bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood.

9. JUNIPERUS [Tourn.] L. JUNIPER

Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small lateral catkins. Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile catkins ovoid, of 3-6 fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit forming a sort of berry, which is scaly-bracted underneath, bluish-black with white bloom. Seeds 1-3, ovate, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2. — Evergreen trees or

rubs. (The classical name.)

1. OXYCEDRUS Spach. Catkins axillary; leaves in whorls of 3, free and jointed at base, linear-subulate, prickly-pointed, channeled and white- glaucous above.

1. J. commiinis L. (COMMON J.) Arborescent, 2-4 m. high ; leaves thin, straight, long and relatively narrow (12-21 mm. in length, 1.5 mm. broad at the base), widely spreading, grayish beneath, needle-pointed ; berry subglobose, 6-8 mm. in diameter. — Dry soil, e. Mass, (where rare) to Pa., Man., and south w. in the mts. to N. C. and N. Mex. (Eu.)

Var. deprSssa Pursh. Decumbent, forming large mats, 3-10 dm. high and often several m. in diameter ; leaves 8-13 mm. long, straight or nearly so, sharp- pointed and with a white stripe beneath ; berry 6-10 mm. in diameter. (J. corn- munis, var. canadensis Loud.; var. alpina Man. ed. 6, in part.) — Common in poor, rocky soil, pastures, etc., Nfd. to Ct., along the Great Lakes and northwestw.

Var. montana Ait. Very depressed and trailing ; leaves short and relatively broad, curved, subappressed, 6-9 mm. long, 1.6-2 mm. broad, short-pointed, with a conspicuous white stripe beneath. (Var. alpina Gaud.] J. nana Willd.) — Exposed rocky places, coast of n. Mass, (where doubtful) to Nfd. ; also in the Rocky Mts. and Alaska. (Eurasia.)

§2. SABlNA Spach. Catkins terminal; leaves mostly opposite, sometimes awl-shaped and loose, sometimes scale-shaped, appressed-imbricated and crowded, the latter with a resiniferous gland on the back.

2. J. horizontalis Moench. A procumbent, prostrate, or sometimes creeping shrub ; scale-like leaves acutely cuspidate ; berry on short recurved peduncles, 6-10 mm. in diameter. (J. Sabina, var. procumbens Pursh.) — Rocky or sandy banks, borders of swamps, etc., Nfd. to N. E., N. Y., n. Minn., and north w. — J, Sabina L., the SAVIN of Europe, has its scale-like leaves obtuse and more closely appressed.

3. J. virginiana L. (RED CEDAR or SAVIN.) From a shrub to a tree 15-25 m. high, pyramidal in form ; scale-like leaves obtuse or acutish, entire; berries on straight peduncles, about 6 mm. in diameter.— Dry hills or deep swamps, s. Me., westw. and southw. — Bark shreddy, and heart-wood red and aromatic.

TYPHACEAE (CAT-TAIL FAMILY)

Marsh or aquatic herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and monoecious on a spadix, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Ovary 1-celled, with

rsistent style and elongated 1-sided stigma ; cell 1-ovuled. Fruit nut-like. Seed suspended, anatropous ; embryo straight in copious albumen. Root perennial.

flower persist

68 SPARGANIACEAE (jj UK- HEED FAMILY)

•

1. TYPHA [Tourn.] L. CAT-TAIL FLAG

Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem ; the upper part consisting of stamens only, inserted directly on the axis, and intermixed with long hairs ; the lower part consisting of stipitate 1 -eel led ova- ries, the stipes bearing club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. Nutlets minute, very long-stalked. — Spathes merely deciduous bracts, or none. Rootstocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems, erect, thickish. Flowering in summer. (Ti^Tj, the old Greek name.)

1. T. Iatif61ia L. (COMMON CAT-TAIL.) Stout and tall (1-2 in. high), the flat sheathing leaves 6-23 mm. broad, exceeding the stem ; the staminate and dark brown pistillate parts of the spike (each 8-15 cm. long or more) usually contiguous, the latter at length 2.5 cm. in diameter; pistillate flowers without bractlets ; stigma rhombic-lanceolate ; pollen-grains in fours. — In marshes, throughout temperate N. A. (Cosmop.)

2. T. angustifblia L. Leaves narrower (6-12 mm. broad), somewhat con- vex on the back ; pistillate and staminate parts of spike usually separate'' '>;/ <> short interval, the fertile portion becoming 10-12 mm. in diameter; p<>//oi- grains simple; pistillate flowers with a linear stigma and a hnii'-Uke lr«ftl<'t, slightly dilated at the summit. — S. Me. to N. C. and westw., less frequent than the preceding, and mainly near the coast. (Eurasia, etc.)

SPARGANIACEAE (BUR-REED FAMILY)

Marsh or aquatic plants with alternate sessile linear 2-ranked leaves and monoecious flowers in globular sessile or pedunculate heads. Upper heads bear- ing sessile 3-androus naked flowers and minute scales irregularly interposed. The lower heads consisting of numerous sessile or shortly pediceled pistillate flowers with a calyx-like perianth of 3-6 linear or spatulate scales. Ovary 1-2-celled. Fruit obovoid or spindle-shaped, 1-2-seeded.

1. SPARGANIUM [Tourn.] L. BUR-REED

Heads scattered along the upper part of the simple or sparingly branched leafy stem, the bracts caducous or the lower persisting and leaf-like. — Perennials with fibrous roots and creeping horizontal rootstocks. Flowering through the summer. The fertile heads becoming bur-like from the divergent beaks, but the pistils at maturity falling away separately. (Name ancient, probably from <nrdpyavovt a band, in allusion to the ribbon-like leaves.)

Fertile flowers closely sessile ; fruit broadly obovoid 1. S. t uri/cti rjntm.

Fertile flowers shortly pedicellate ; fruit fusiform. Beak of fruit long and slender ; stigma linear. Pistillate heads strictly axillary.

Mature fruits dull ; stigma 1-2 mm. lonp 2. S. <u,i, i-i,;n>nm.

Mature fruits lustrous ; stigma 2.5-4 mm. lonp 3. »S'. /«<•/'<//////.

One or more of the pistillate heads supra-;i\illary.

Erect plants of muddy shores ; leaf-blades translucent and reticulated 4. S. <lir, rxit'olinut. Distinctly aquatic ; leaves with long floating opaque blade-. Achenes rather abruptly slender-beaked ; leat'-Mades 1.5-1 mm.

broad; stiirma rarelv over !.'_' mm. loiitr 5. N. nmjiixti folium.

Achenes gradually aeum'inate; leaf-blades 4-'.t mm. l.n.ad ; -tigma

1.5-2 mm. long »',. .s. *;in/>/< .r.

Beak of fruit stouter and falcate or short and conical or none ; stigma ovoid or ohloiig. Fruiting heads 2 cm. in diatn. ; beak gladiatc-falcate . . . .7. S.jlnrfiiitux. Fruiting heads 1 cm. in diam.

I'.eak -hort, conical S. .s1. minimum.

l.eak none, stigma sosilo '.'. N. /'.'//" /•/>«/•< »>n.

1. S. eurycarpumKngelin. Stems stout, erect <s l:!dm. high); leaves mostly flat and merely keeled ; pistil attenuate into a short style hearing I or '2 elongated stigmas; fruit heads 2-6 or more, 2-'J cm. in diameter; fruit angled, often

I

NAJADACEAE ( PONDWEED FAMILY) 69

2-seeded, 7-8 mm. long when mature, with a broad and depressed or retusv, sum- mit abruptly tipped in the center. — Borders of ponds, lakes, and rivers, N. S. and Me., south w., and westw. to the Pacific, chiefly at low altitude.

2. S. americanum Nutt. Stoutish, 3-7 dm. high ; leaves thin and soft, 6-12 mm. broad; bracts divaricate or arcuate-ascending; inflorescence strictly simple; pistillate heads all axillary, sessile or nearly so, in fruit 1.8-2.6 cm. in diameter; fruit dull, the beak 2.5-4 mm. long. (/S'. simplex, var. Nuttallii Engelm.) — Bogs and muddy shores, N. B. to la. and Va. (E. Asia.)

Var. andr6cladum (Engelm.) Fernald & Eames. Inflorescence bearing from its lower axils 1-2 weak branches. (#. simplex, var. Engelm.) — Similar places, Nfd. to Minn., Mo., and Fla.

3. S. lucidum Fernald & Eames. Similar, but taller (7.5-9 dm. high) ; leaves firmer, strongly carinate, much overtopping the simple or forking inflo- rescence ; pistillate heads in maturity 3 cm. or more in diameter ; fruit lustrous, the beak 5-7 mm. long. — Muddy shores, Mass, to Pa. ; also 111. and Mo.

4. S. diversifdlium Graebner. Erect, stoutish, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves delicate, cellular-reticulated, 4-9 mm. wide, with a broad scarious margin toward the base; heads chiefly sessile at least the lower supra-axillary, in fruit 2-2.5 cm. in diameter. (8. simplex Man. ed. 6, in great part.) — E. Que. to Ct. and S. Dak.

Var. acaiile (Beeby) Fernald & Eames. Dwarf, 1-3 dm. high ; pistillate heads smaller, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, mostly crowded. (Var. nanum Graebner.)

— Nfd. tola, and W. Va.

5. S. angustifblium Michx. ^Slender aquatic; stems 3-12 dm. long; leaves exceedingly long and narrow, opaque ; inflorescence simple ; heads somewhat supra-axillary, the lower ones often peduncled, in fruit 1.3-2 cm. in diameter.

— Ponds and slow streams, Nfd. to N. E., westw. and northw. to Ore. and Alaska.

6. S. simplex Huds. Coarser and in America distinctly aquatic ; stems 3-10 dm. long; leaves 4-9 mm. broad; inflorescence simple, elongated ; heads mostly supra-axillary, the lowermost long-peduncled, in fruit 2-2.5 cm. in diameter. — Nfd. and n. N. E. to Cal., and northw. (Eu.)

7. S. fluctuans (Morong) Robinson. Of medium size for the genus, 0.5-1 in. high ; leaves 7-12 mm. broad ; inflorescence branched ; each of 2 or 3 branches bearing 3-5 heads, usually but 1-3 of the lowermost fertile ; these at maturity 2 cm. in diameter ; nutlets with outer coat of firm texture, beaked by a persistent gladiate-falcate style, tipped with a short ovoid or oblong stigma. (A', androcla- dum, var. fluctuans Morong, at least in part ; S. simplex, var. fluitans Engelm.)

— Margins of cool lakes, usually at a depth of about 1 m., n. N. B. and adjacent Que. to Pa. and Minn.

S. minimum Fries. Slender, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves grass-like, flat, thin, iially floating, 2-4 mm. broad ; inflorescence simple ; heads mostly sessile, the ertile at length 1 cm. in diameter ; the nutlets smooth, conically narrowed to a hort but slender straightish beak tipped with a short ovoid or oblong stigma. — Cold shallow water, N. B. to Pa., Mich., Col., Wash., and northw. (Eurasia.) 9. S. hyperb6reum Laestad. Slender, flexuous, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves 1-4 mm. broad, the cauline somewhat saccate at the base ; inflorescence simple ; the lower heads usually peduncled, in fruit 8-10 mm. in diameter; nutlets obovoid, rounded at the summit and tipped with a sessile short-oblong stigma. — Cape Breton (ace. to Macoun*) and northw. to Greenl. (N. Eurasia.)

NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY)

Marsh or mostly immersed aquatic herbs, with stems jointed and leafy, leaves sheathing at base or stipulate, and flowers perfect or unisexual, often spatha- ceous, loith perianth of 4 or 6 herbaceous distinct valvate segments, or mem- branous and tubular or cup-shaped, or none. Stamens 1, 2, 4, or 6, with extrorse anthers. Ovaries 1-6, distinct, 1-celled, usually 1-ovuled, in fruit indehiscent.

70 NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY)

* Flowers perfect, spiked or clustered ; anthers 4 or 2, sessile ; leaves alternate.

1. Potamogeton. Spike peduncled. Sepals 4, herbaceous. Anthers 4. Ovaries 4, sessile.

2. Ruppia. Flowers on an inclosed spadix, at length long-exserted, without perianth. Anther-

cells 4, distinct. Ovaries 4, becoming stipitate.

* * Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, naked, monandrous ; leaves opposite (alternate

in n. 4).

3. Zannichellia. Monoecious. Pistils (2-5) from a cup-shaped Involucre or sheath.

4. Zostera. Pistils and stamens alternate in 2 vertical rows on the inner side of a leaf-like in-

closed spadix. Stigmas 2, linear. Stem creeping.

5. Najas. Dioecious. Pistil solitary, naked. Stamen inclosed in a membranous spatlie.

Stems floating, with opposite or ternate leaves.

1. POTAMOGETON [Tourn.] L. PONDWEED.

Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals ; anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 4 (rarely only one), with an ascending cauipylotro- pous ovule ; stigma sessile or on a short style. Fruit drupe-like when fresh, more or less compressed ; endocarp (seed) crustaceous. Embryo hooked, annular, or cochleate, the radicular end pointing downward. — Herbs of ponds and streams, with jointed mostly rooting stems, and 2-ranked leaves, which are usually alternate or imperfectly opposite ; the submersed ones pellucid, the floating ones often dilated and of a firmer texture. Stipules membranous, more or less united and sheathing. Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud, mostly raised on a peduncle to the surface of the water. (An ancient name, composed of 7roTa/i6s, a river , and yelrwv, a neighbor, from the place of growth.) — By fruit, the full-grown fresh or macerated fruit is intended ; by seed, that with the fleshy outer portion or epicarp removed. All measurements are from dried specimens. The month mentioned indicates the time of ripening of the fruit.

a. Leaves of two sorts ; floating ones more or less coriaceous, with a dilated petioled blade, different in form from the thinner sub- mersed ones b. b. Submersed leaves filiform or very narrowly linear, at most 2 mm.

wide c. c. Spikes all alike, cylindrical d.

d. Blades of floating leaves 2.5 cm. or more long, mostly shorter than the elongate petioles ; spikes 1.5 cm. or more long.

Seed with a depression on each side 1. P. natans.

Seed with plane sides, not at all impressed . . . 2. P. Oakesianus.

d. Blades of floating leaves less than 1.5 cm. long, equaling or longer

than the petioles; spikes less than 1 cm. long. Fruit compressed, distinctly keeled, tipped by the curved

style 27. P. Vaseyi.

Fruit plump, slightly grooved on the sides, but not keeled;

stigma nearly sessile 26. P. lateraU*.

c. Spikes of two kinds ; one emersed, cylindrical, and many-flowered,

the other submersed, globular, and few-flowered. Peduncles of the submersed spikes equaling or exceeding the

spikes 82. P. hybri<lnx.

Peduncles shorter than the submersed spikes . . . .38. P. dimor^lntx. b. Submersed leaves lanceolate to ovate, if linear more than 2mm. wide e. e. Submersed leaves linear and ribbon-like, with a broad coarsely

cellular-reticulate space each side of the midrib ... 4. P. epihydrtt*. e. Submersed leaves broader f. f. Principal floating leaves heart-shaped at base.

Fruit 3-4 mm. long, compressed, and distinctly 8-keeled . 7. P. pulcher.

Fruit 1.5-2 mm. long, plump, and obscurely 8-keeled . . 8. P. poly<./<>nifolhix. f. Floating leaves rounded or tapering at base, not heart-shaped g.

g. Floating leaves 80-50-nerved 8. P. amplifoliitx.

g. Floating leaves with fewer nerves h. h. Mature fruit •_'.:> mm. or more long i.

i. Mature spikes 4-5.5 cm. long (if rarely shorter, with floating leaves 18-24- nerved).

Submer-ed leaves mucronate 11. P. angustifoliu*.

Submersed leaves merely acuminate. Submersed leaves broadly lanceolate or oblong-elliptl-

eal ; fruit tipped by we prominent style . . '.'. /'.

Submersed leaves narrowly lanceolate ; fruit tipped by

the nearly sessile stigma 6. P.

NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY)

71

i. Mature spikes 1.5-3.5 cm. long (if rarely longer, with float- ing leaves 10-lS-nerved). Foliage and spikes strongly suffused with red ; 3 or 4

carpels of each flower usually ripening Foliage and spikes greenish ; 1 (rarely 2) carpels ripening

h. Mature fruit 1.5-2 mm. long

a. Leaves all submersed and similar j. j. Leaves lanceolate, oblong or broader k. k. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, not clasping /.

/. . Leaves finely and sharply serrulate

I. Leaves entire, but sometimes with puckered or undulate, not

serrulate, margins m. m. Mature spike 3.8-5.5 cm. long.

Fruit distinctly 3-keeled

Fruit with rounded, scarcely keeled sides .... . Mature spike shorter n. «.. Spike more than 1 cm. long.

Foliage and spikes strongly suffused with red ; 3 or 4 car- pels of each flower usually ripening ' (rar

5. P. 10. P. 3. P.

alpinus.

heterophyllus.

polygonifolius.

18. P. crispua.

11. P.

12. P.

angustifoHus. lucens.

alpinus.

heteropliyllus.

mysticus.

16. P. buplewoides. epihydrus.

4. P.

Foliage and spikes greenish ; 1 (rarely 2) carpels ripening

n. Spike 4-7 mm. long

k. Leaves clasping or half-clasping o.

o. Leaves half-clasping, elongate, with rounded cucullate tips ;

stipules conspicuous and persistent ; fruit sharply keeled . 13. P. praelongus. o. Leaves cordate-clasping, if elongate with tapering plane tips ; stipules inconspicuous or soon reduced to- shreds ; fruit rounded on the back or obtusely keeled p. p. Leaves undulate or crisped, with 3-7 prominent nerves ; fruit

3.5-4.5 mm. long.

Stipules 1-2 cm. long, persisting as shreds; leaves lance- attenuate . . ^, . ^ 14. P. JRichardsonii.

Stipules short and inconspicuous ; leaves from suborbicular

to oblong-lanceolate 15. P. perfoliatus.

p. Leaves flat, scarcely crisped, with 1 prominent nerve ; fruit 2.5-3.2 mm. long ; stipules, when developed, short and

inconspicuous

j. Leaves linear to setaceous q.

q. Leaves ribbon-like, 2 mm. or more wide, with a broad coarsely

cellular-reticulate space each side of the midrib ....

q. Leaves narrower, if occasionally 2 mm. wide, without a broad

cellular-reticulate space r.

r. Leaves free from the stipules, or, if slightly adnate to them, bearing globose subsessile or short-stalked spikes in their axils .v. s. Fruit flat, cochleate ; the globular spikes borne in the axils of

the principal leaves. Peduncles equaling or exceeding the spikes . . . . 32. P. hybridua.

Peduncles shorter than the spikes 33. P. dimorphus.

8. Fruit plump ; spikes terminal or borne on the uppermost

branches t.

t. Principal leaves more than 1 mm. broad u. it,. Leaves with very many fine nerves.

Spikes many-flowered, in fruit 1.5-3 cm. long . . 19. P. zosterifolius. Spikes 4-8-flowered, in fruit 5-8 mm. long . . .20. P. acutifolius. u. Leaves with 3-7 nerves •».

v. Mature fruit 3.5-4.5 mm. long.

Stipules 0.5-1 cm. long; leaves acute; spikes capitate 21. P. ffillii. Stipules 1.2-2 cm. long; leaves obtuse, mucronate;

spikes subcylindric-ovoid 22. P. obtusifolius.

v. Mature fruit 2-3 mm. long w. w. Bases of the leaves bearing translucent glands ; fruit

plump, obscurely or bluntly keeled.

Leaves 5-7-nerved ; stipules 1-2 cm. long . . 28. P. Friesii. Leaves 3-nerved ; stipules less than 1 cm. long . 25. P. pusillus. w. Bases of leaves glandless ; fruit flattened, with a thin

keel or crest (30) P. foliosus, v. niagarensis.

t. Principal leaves less than ] mm. broad x. x. Plant bearing winter-buds formed by the hardened ends of branches closely invested by imbricated leaves and stipules y. y. Winter-buds borne primarily on very short axillary

branches. Leaves of the winter-buds widely divaricate

y.

Leaves of the winter-buds loosely ascending Winter-buds borne at the tips of elongate branches.

Leaves bristle-form, with very fine slender tips .

Leaves fiat or re volute, acute or short-acuminate. Leaves rigid, revolute ; winter-buds 1-2 cm. long Leaves soft ; winter-buds about 1 cm. long

26. P.

27. P.

lateralis. Vaseyi.

28. P. gemmiparus.

strictifolius. pusillus.

'24.

'25.

72 NAJADACEAE (PCXNDWEED FAMILY)

a?. Plant without winter-buds. Leaves bi-glandular at base.

Stipules 1-2 cm. long, persistent 29. P.

Stipules less than 1 cm. long, scarcely persistent . 2f>. /'. Leaves glandless at base. Spikes short-peduncled, axillary; leaves broader than

the diameter of the stems . . . . .30. Spikes long-peduncled, terminal ; leaves narrower than

the diameter of the stems 31. P. confervoides.

r. Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf; spikes inter- rupted z'.

z. Leaves at most 3 mm. wide, entire. Stigma broad and depressed, sessile. Stigma nearly central, the ventral face of the fruit curved ;

leaves filiform, taper-pointed 34. P.filiformix.

Stigma nearly in line with the straightish ventral face of the fruit ; leaves narrowly linear, with blunt or rounded

tips 35. P. interior.

Stigma capitate, tipping the definite style.

Fruit not keeled 36. P. pectinulit*.

Fruit prominently keeled 37. P. interrupts.

z. Leaves 4-8 mm. wide, ciliate-serrulate 38. P. Robbiiixii.

1. P. natans L. Stem simple or sparingly branched; floating leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, elliptical or ovate, somewhat cordate at base, obtuse but with a blunt point, 21-29-nerved, flexible at base, as if jointed to the petiole ; upper sub- mersed leaves lanceolate, early perishing, the lower (later in the season) very slender (7-18 cm. long, barely 2 mm. wide) ; upper stipules very long, acute; peduncle about the thickness of the stemj spikes 3-6 cm. long; fruit obliquely obovoid; sides of the turgid seed with a small deep impression in the middle; embryo coiled into an incomplete elliptical ring. — Ponds and quiet streams, common. July-Sept. (Widely distr. in temp, and subtrop. regions. )

2. P. Oakesianus Bobbins. Stem more slender, much branched; floating leaves smaller (2-5 cm. long), ovate- or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, fewer (17-23)- nerved ; lowest submersed ones almost capillary (barely 1 mm. wide), continu- ing through the flowering season ; spikes shorter (1.5-3 cm. long), on peduncles much thicker than stem; fruit smaller and more acute ; sides of the seed not at all impressed; curvature of the embryo nearly circular, its apex directed to a point above its base. — Ponds, and especially pools and quiet streams, local, Anticosti to n. N. Y. and N. J. July-Sept.

3. P. polygonifblius Pourret.. Stem slender, freely creeping, and sending up short leafy branches; floating leaves elliptic-lanceolate to cordate-ovate, rather thin, 2.5-9 cm. long, 1-4 cm. broad, 11-33-nerved, not apparently jointed to the petioles; submersed leaves (when present) lanceolate, short, mostly exceeding the petioles ; stipules blunt, 2-4 cm. long ; spikes 2-4 cm. long, very slender ; fruit plump, 3-keeled, 1.5-2 mm. long. — Shallow pools, Sable L, N. S. and Nfd. 'Aug. (Greenl., Eurasia, Afr., Austr.)

4. P. epihydrus Raf. Stems compressed, often simple from the creeping rootstocks ; floating leaves chiefly opposite (3-7.5 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. broad), 11-27 -nerved, oblong, tapering into a short petiole, the lower gradually narrow- ing and passing into the submersed ones, which are very numerous and approxi- mate, conspicuously 2-ranked (5-13 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide}, 5-7 -nerved, the lateral nerves slender and nearly marginal, the space within the inner nerves coarsely cellular-reticulated; stipules vcnj nbtusc ; spikes numerous, about the length of the thickened peduncle ; fruit round-obovoid, flattish, 3-keeled when dry, 2.5-3.5 mm. long ; seed di^iitn-thj impressed mi (lie sides ; curvature of the embryo transversely oval. (P. pensylvanicus Willd. ; P. Nuttallii C. & S.) — Still or flowing water. July-Sept.

Var. cayuge"nsis (Wiegand) Benn. Stouter ; floating leaves 5-8 cm. lone:, 2-3.5 cm. wide, '2V-4l-nerved ; submersed ones less distichous, 1.2-2.2 dm. Ion.;, o.f>-l cm. wide, H-lX-nerved ; fruit 3.5-4.5 mm. long. — N. B. and Que. to Wash., s. tocentr. N. Y., Mich., and la. (Japan.)

5. P. alpinus Balbis. Stems mostly simple ; floating leaves (often wanting) 3.5-8 cm. long, rather thin. vecfye-O&faJM/eoiate, ii«rr<>n-<'<1 fn/» « slmrt />///«/<-, 11-21-nerved ; submersed leaves almost sessile, lanceolate anil lance-oblong,

UA

:

NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) 73

smooth on the margin, fewer-nerved ; stipules broad, hyaline, obtuse, upper ones acuminate ; spike 1.5-3.5 cm. long, often somewhat compound ; fruit obovoid, lenticular, pitted when immature, with an acute margin and pointed, with the rather long style; embryo incompletely annular. (P. rufescens Schrad.) — In streams or ponds, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Mass., N. J.,Mich., Minn., Utah, and Cal. July-Sept. (GreenL, Eurasia.)

x P. FAX&XI Morong from Ferrisburg, Vt., and x P. RECTIFOLIUS Benn. from Chicago, 111., are infertile hybrids of nos. 5 and 6.

6. P. americanus C. & S. Stem often branching below ; floating leaves thin- nish, lance-oblong or long-elliptical, often acute, long-petioled, 4-11 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, 17-23-rierved ; submersed leaves very long (0.8-3 dm. long, 0.4-2.5 cm. wide), lanceolate and lance-linear, 7-15-nerved, coarsely reticulated ; peduncles somewhat thickened upward ; fruit obliquely obovoid, obscurely 3-keeled when fresh, and distinctly so when dry, the middle keel winged above and sometimes with 3-5 shallow indentations ; the rounded slightly curved face

rmounted by the short style ; seed with the sides scarcely impressed ; upper of the embryo circularly incurved. (P. fluitans Man. ed. 6, not Roth ;

lonchites Tuckerm.) — In streams or rarely in ponds, N. B. to B. C. and southw. Aug., Sept. (Eurasia, n. Afr., W. I.)

Var. novaeboracensis (Morong) Benn. Floating leaves large and thick, broadly elliptic, rounded or obtuse at apex and base, 2.5-4.5 cm. wide. — Ct.

Wise. (Eu.)

7. P. piilcher Tuckerm. Stem simple (very rarely branched), black-spotted ; eaves of three kinds ; floating ^nes becoming very large (4.5-11) cm. long,

2-7 cm. wide), roundish-ovate and cordate or ovate-oblong, 25-37-nerved, all alternate; upper submersed ones (3-5) usually lanceolate, acute at base and very long-acuminate, 10-15-nerved, very thin, cellular each side of the midrib, undulate, short-petioled ; lowest (2-4 near the base of the stem) thicker, plane, oval or oblong with a rounded base, or spatulate-oblong, on longer petioles ; peduncles thicker than the stem ; spikes 2-4 cm. long ; fruit with a rounded back and angular face, pointed, distinctly 3-keeled when fresh, sharply so when dry ; seed with two deep dorsal furrows, and a sinus below the angle in front ; sides flat; embryo circularly much incurved above. — Ponds, local, s. Me. to Fla. ; and near St. Louis, Mo. June, July.

8. P. amplifblius Tuckerm. Steins simple, of very variable length ; float- ing leaves (sometimes wanting) large, oblong, lance-ovate or broadly elliptic, abruptly acutish, 30-50-nerved, on rather long petioles; submersed leaves often very large (0.8-2 dm. long, 2.5-7 cm. broad), lanceolate or oval, acute at each end, usually much recurved, undulate, mostly on short petioles ; stipules very long and tapering to a point, soon becoming loose ; peduncles thickened upward, in deep water much elongated ; spikes 3.5-8 cm. long; fruit very large (4-5.5 mm. long), rather obliquely obovoid, 3-keeled, with a broad stout beak ; seed slightly impressed on the sides ; upper part of the embryo curved into a ring. — Ponds and rivers, N. S. to B. C., s. to N. J., Ky., Kan., and Cal. July-Sept-

9. P. illinoensis Morong. Stem stout, branching towards the summit ; floating leaves opposite, oval or elliptic (0.5-1.5 dm. long, 4-9 cm. broad), 19-27-nerved, rounded or narrowed at base, with a short blunt point, on short petioles ; submersed leaves oblong-elliptical, acute at each end, usually ample (1-2 dm. long) ; stipules coarse, obtuse, strongly bicarinate (5-7 cm. long) ; peduncles often clustered at the summit, thickening upward; spikes 4-5 cm. long; fruit roundish-obovate (3vo-4.5 mm. long), 3-keeled on the back, middle keel prominent ; seed flattened and slightly impressed on the sides, obtuse or pointed at base ; apex of embryo directed transversely inward. — Streams and ditches, 111., la., and Minn. July, Aug.

10. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Stem slender, very branching below ; floating leaves mostly thin, variable, but with a short blunt point, 9-17-nerved, 1.5-7 cm. long, 0.5-2.5 cm. wide; submersed ones lanceolate, oblanceolate or linear- lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, narrowed toward the base, somewhat stifh'sh, 2.5-8 cm. long, 0.2-1.3 cm. wide, about 7-nerved on the stem and 3-nerved on the branches ; upper ones petioled, lower sessile ; stipules obtuse, loose ; pedun-

74 NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY)

cles somewhat thickened upward, mostly less than 1 dm. long ; fruit small (2.5-3 mm. long), roundish, compressed, scarcely keeled; embryo annular above. — Still or flowing water, common. July-Sept. (Greenl., Eurasia.) — Varies ex- ceedingly in its submersed leaves, peduncles, etc. Forma GRAMIMFOLIUS (Fries) Morong. Stems much elongated and less branched, and the flaccid linear-lanceolate submersed leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide ; spikes 1.5-3 cm. long. Forma LONGIPEDUNCULATCS (Merat) Morong. Subsimple, the inter- nodes very elongate (the uppermost 1-3 dm. long) ; submerged leaves lanceo- late ; peduncles 1-2.5 dm. long. — Nfd. to Ct., Mich., and westw. Forma MYRIOPHYLLUS (Robbins) Morong. Sending up from running rootstocks many short repeatedly dichotomous and densely leafy stems ; fertile stems very slen- der; floating leaves small, delicate, lance-oblong, on long filiform petioles; submersed stem-leaves larger, early perishing ; those of the branches (deep green) linear-oblanceolate, very small (1.5-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide), acute ; spike slender, loosely flowered, 1.2-2.5 cm. long.— N. E. Forma MAXI.MUS Morong. Floating leaves 0.6-1.6 dm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, very acute ; sub- mersed leaves 0.5-1.6 dm. long, 0.6-1.6 cm. wide, 5-9-nerved. Forma TERRI'>- TRIS Schlecht. Freely creeping in exsiccated places, producing numerous very short branches which bear tufts of oblong or oval coriaceous leaves but no fruit. — Que. and N. E.

11. P. angustifblius Berchtold & Presl. Resembling P. lucens, but smaller, slender, much branched at base ; upper leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, Inng- petioled and sometimes emersed, 0.4-1 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, 13-21-nerved ; the others subsessile, all usually numerous, lanceolate or oblanceolate, mucro- nate, undulate and crisped, shining, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 0.5-3 cm. broad, 7-17- nerved ; stipules obtuse, 1.5-4 cm. long ; peduncle elongated ; fruit distinctly 3-keeled, 3-4 mm. long. (P. Zizii Mertens & Koch.) — Lakes, rarely streams, local, Mass, to Mich., westw. and southw. June-Sept. (\V. I., Eurasia, Afr.) Var. CONNECTICUTENSIS (Robbins) Benn. Larger throughout ; leaves all sub- mersed; fruit 4-4.5 mm. long. (P. lucens, var. Robbins.) — Lakes, Vt., Ct., and e. N. Y.

x P. SPATHAEFORMIS Tuckerm. (P. spathulaeformis Morong) in Mystic Pond, Medford, Mass., is an infertile hybrid of nos. 11 and 10.

12. P. lucens L. Stem thick, branching, sometimes very large ; leaves all submersed and similar, more or lens petioled, oval or lanceolate, miicronate, often crisped, frequently shining, 6-20 cm. long, about 13-nerved ; peduncles often elongated ; fruit roundish and compressed, with obtuse margins, scarcely keeled; embryo circularly incurved above. — Ponds, local, N. S. to Fla., w. to the Pacific. Aug.-Oct. (Mex., W. I., Eurasia, n. Afr.)

13. P. prae!6ngus Wulf . Stem white, very long, branching, flexuous ; leaves bright green, lance-oblong or lanceolate (0.5-3 dm. long), half -clasping, obtuse with a boat-shaped cavity at the extremity, thence splitting on pressure ; stipules white, scarious, very obtuse, 1.5-8 cm. long ; peduncles very long (some- times reachin